Classification of Engines. 1 Nature and uses of a Vacuum. 3 Velocity of falling Bodies and Momentum of moving Bodies. 6 Central Forces. 9 Centres of Gravity, Gyration, and Oscillation. 12 The Pendulum and Governor. 12 The Mechanical Powers. 17 Friction. 19 Strength of materials and Strains subsisting in Machines. 25 CHAP. I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TILE STEAM ENGINE. The Boiler. 34 The Engine. 46 The Marine Engine. 56 Screw Engines. 61 The Locomotive Engine. 65 CHAP. II. HEAT, COMBUSTION, AND STEAM. Heat 71 Combustion. 73 Steam. 89 CHAP. III. EXPANBION OF STEAM AND ACTION OF TIIE VALVES. 87 CHAP. IV.-MODES OF ESTIMATING THE POWER AND PEEFORMANCE OF ENGINES AND BOILERS. Horses Power. 102 Duty of Engines and Boilers. 108 The Indicator. 112 Dynamometer, Gauges, and Cataract. 116 CHAP. V. PROPERTIES OF BOILERS Heating and Fire Grate Surface. 121 Calorimeter and 'Vent. 124 Evaporative Power of Boilers. 180 Modern Marine and Locomotive Boilers. 132 The Blast In Locomotives. 134 Boiler Chimneys. 138 Steam Room and Priming. 140 Strength of Boilers. 145 Boiler Explosions. 149 CHAP. VI. PROPORTIONS OF ENGINES. Steam Passages. 154 Air Pump, Condenser, and Hot and Cold Water Pumps. 159 Fly Wheel. 165 Strengths of Land Engines. 160 Strengths of Marine and Locomotive Engines. 171 CHAP. VII. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF BOILERS. Land and Marine Boilers. 177 Incrustation and Corrosion of Boilers. 188 Locomotive Boilers. 199 CHAP. VIII. CONSTRUCTIVE DETAILS OF ENGINES. Pumping Engines. 206 Various forms of Marine Engines. 214 Cylinders, Pistons, and Valves. 218 Air Pump and Condenser. 226 Pumps, Cocks, and Pipes 233 Details of the Screw and Screw Shaft. 239 Details of the Paddles and Paddle Shaft. 241 The Locomotive Engine. 24S CHAP. 1X.--STEAM NAVIGATION. Resistance of Vessels in Water. 270 Experiments on the Resistance of Vessels. 273 Influence of the size of Vessels upon their speed. 27T Structure and Operation of Paddle. 278 Configuration and Action of the Screw. 284 Comparative Advantages of Paddle`and Screw Vessels. 288 Comparative Advantages of different kinds of Screws. 296 Proportions of Screws. 304 Screw Vessels with full and auxiliary Power. 343 Screw and Paddies combined. 805 CHAP. X. EXAMPLES of ENGINES OF RECENT CONSTRUCTION. Oscillating Paddle Engines. 308 Direct acting Screw. Engine. 323 Locomotive Engine. 333 CHAP. XI. ON VAEIOGS FORMS AND APPLICATIONS OF THE STEAM ENGINE. Governor. 342 Donkey Pumps. 344 Portable Steam Engines. 350 Stationary Engines. 352 Steam Fire Engines. 363 Steam Excavator. 371 CHAP. XII. MANUFACTURE AND MANAGEMENT OF STES.II ENGINES. Construction of Engines. 378 Erection of Engines. s. 388 Management of Marine Boilers. 395 Management of Marine Engines. 399 Management of Locomotives. 403 INDEX ACOIDENTS in steam vessels, proper preparation for, 400 Admiralty rule for horse power, 107 Adhesion of wheels of locomotives to rails, 249 Air, velocity of, entering a vacuum, 6 Air, required for combustion of coal, 74 Air, law of expansion of, by heat, 85 Air pump, description of, 49 Air pump, action of, 51, 58, 59 Air pump, proper dimensions of, 158 Air pump of marine engines, details of, 226 Air pump of oscillating engine, 310 Air pump of direct acting screw engine, 325, 329 Air pumps made both single and double acting, 159 Air pumps, difference of, explained, 159 Air pumps, double acting valves of, 229 Air pumps, bad vacuum in, 231 Air pumps, bad vacuum in, causes and remedy 232, 233 Air pump rods, brass or copper, in marine engines, 226 Air pump bucket, valves of, 227, 228 Air pump, connecting rod and cross head of oscillating engine, 315 Air pump rod of oscillating engine, 314 Air pump arm, 328 Air vessels applied to suction side of pumps, 164, 165 Alma, engine of, by Messrs. John Bourne & Co., 323 Amphion, engines of, 216 Amoskeag steam fire engine, 365 Angle iron in boilers, precautions respecting, 179 Apparatus for raising screw propeller, 241 Atmospheric valve, 36 Atmospheric resistance to railway trains, 250--252 Auxiliary power, screw vessels with, 303, 304 Axle bearings of locomotives, 260 Axle guards, 336 Axles and wheels of modern locomotives, 336 Azoi, slide valve of, 223 Babbitt's metal, how to compound, 387 Balance piston to take pressure off slide valve, 326 Ball valves, 264 Barrel of boiler of modern locomotives, 334 Beam working of land engine, 46 Meam, main or working strength proper for Bearings of engines or other machinery, rule for determining proper surface of, 23 Bearings, heating of, bow to prevent or remedy, 403 Bearings, journals should always bottom, as, if they grip on the sides, the pressure is infinite Beattie's screw, 299 Belidor's valves might be used for foot and delivery valves, 227 Bell-metal, composition of, 388 Blast pipe of locomotives, description of, 66 Blast in locomotives, exhaustion produced by, 134 Blast, proper construction of the blast pipe, 134, 135 Blast, the blast pipe should be set below the root of the chimney so much that the cone of escaping steam sball just fill the chimney Blast pipe with variable orifice, at one time much used, 136 Blow-off cock of locomotives, 203 Blow-off cocks of marine boilers, proper construction of, 235 Blow off cocks, description of, 59 Blowing off supersalted water from marine boilers, 5 Blowing off, estimate of heat lost by, 191 Blowing off, mode of, 192, 396 Blow through valve, description of, 59 Blowing furnaces, power necessary for, 377 Bodies, falling, laws of, 6, 7 Bodmer, expansion valve by, 100 Boilers, general description of the wagon boiler, 34 Boilers, general description of the Cornish boiler, 38 Boilers, general description of the marine flue boiler, 28 Boilers, general description of the marine tubular boiler. 40 Boilers, general description of locomotive boiler—see Locomotives Boilers proportions of: heating surface of, 122-124 Boilers, fire grate, surface of, 123 Boilers, consumption of fuel on each square foot of fire bars in wagon, Cornish, and locomotive boilers, 124 Boilers, calorimeter and vent of boilers, 124 Boilers, comparison of proportions of wagon, flue, and tubular boilers, 125-129 Boilers, evaporative power of boilers, 130 Boilers, power generated by evaporation of a cubic foot of water, 131 Boilers, proper proortions of modern marine boiler both flue and tubular, 132 Boilers, modern locomotive boilers, 133 Boilers, cxhaustion produced by blast In locomotives, 134 Boilers, increased evaporation from increased exhaustion, 135 Boilers, strength of boils 145 Boilers, experiments on, by Franklin Institute, 145 Boilers, by Mr. Firbairn, 146 Boilers, mode of computing strength of boilers, 146, 147 Boilers, staying of, 148, 149 Boilers, marine, prevented from salting by blowing off, 5 Boilers, early locomotive and contemporaneous marine boilers compared, 137, 138 Boilers, chimneys of land, 134-138 Boilers, rules for proportions of chimneys, 139 Boilers, chimneys of marine boilers, 140 Boilers, constructive details of : riveting and caulking of land boilers, 178 Boilers, proving of 178 Boilers, seams payed with mixture of whiting and linseed oil, 178 Boilers, setting of wagon boilers, 178 Boilers, riveting of marine boilers, 179 Boilers, precautions respecting angle iron, 179 Boilers, how to punch the rivet holes and shear edges of plates, 180 Boilers, setting of marine boilers in wooden vessels, 180 Boilers, mastic cement for setting marine boilers, 180 Boilers, composition of mastic cement, 181 Boilers, best length of furnace, 181 Boilers, configuration of furnace bars, 182 Boilers, advantages and construction of furnace bridges, 182 Boilers, various forms of dampers, 183 Boilers, precautions against injury to boilers from intense heat, 184 Boilers, tubing of boilers, 185 Boilers, proper mode of staying tube plates, 185 Boilers, proper mode of constructing steam-boat chimneys, 186 Boilers, waste steam-pipe and funnel casing, 187: Boilers, telescope chimneys, 187 Boilers, formation of scale in marine boilers, 188 Boilers, injury of such incrustations, 189 Boilers, amount of salt in sea water, 189 Boilers, saltness permissible in boilers, 190 Boilers, amount of heat lost by blowing off, 191 Boilers, mode of discharging the supersalted water, 192 Boilers, Lamb's scale preventer, 193 Boilers, internal corrosion of marine boilers, 194 Boilers, causes of internal corrosion, 195 Boilers, surcharged steam produced from salt water, 196 Boilers, stop valves between boilers, 197 Boilers, safety or escape valve on feed pipe 198 Boilers, locomotive boilers consist of the fire box, barrel for holding tubes and smoke box, 199 Boilers, dimensions of the barrel and thickness of plates, 199 Boilers, mode of staying fire box and furnace crown, 200 Boilers, fire bare, ash box, and chimney, 201 Boilers, steam dome used only in old engines 202 Boilers, manhole, mudholes, and blow-oft cock, 202, 203 Boilers, tube plate, and mode of securing tubes, 204 Boilers, expanding mandrels, 204 Boilers, various forms of regulator, 205 Boilers of modern locomotives, 334 Boilers, the proper care of, the first duty of the engineer, 400 Bolts, proper proportions of, 247 Boring of cylinders, 380 Boulton and Watt's rules for fly wheel, 9 Boulton and Watt's proportions of marine flue boilers, 123 Boulton and Watt's rule for proportions of chimneys-of land boilers, 139 Boulton and Watt's rule of marine boilers, 140 Boulton and Watt's experiments on the resistance of vessels in water 273-276 Bourdon's steam and vacuum gauges, 111, 340 Bourne, expansion valves by, 100, 101 Bourne, Messrs. J. & Co., direct acting screw engines by, 323 Brass for bearings, composition of, 387 Brazing solders, 388 Bridges in furnaces, benefits of, 182 Burning of boilers, precautions against, 184 Bursting velocity of By wheel, 10 Bursting velocity and of railway wheels, 11 Bursting of boilers, 149 Bursting of boilers, causes of, 150 Bursting of boilers, precautions against, 151 Bursting of boilers, may be caused by accumulations of salt, 152 Butterfly valves of air pump, 227 Cabrey, expansion valve bye 100 Calorimeter of boilers, definition of, 124 Cams, proper forms of, 98 Cast iron, strength of, 25-27 Cast iron, proportions of cast iron beams, 28 Cast iron, effects of different kinds of strains on beams, 29-31 Cast iron, strength to resist shocks not proportional to strength to resist strains, 34 Cast iron, to attain maximum strength should be combined with wrought iron, 35 Casting of cylinders, 378, 379 Case-hardening, how to accomplish, 385 Cataract explanation of nature and uses of 119, 120 Caulking of land boilers, 178 Cement, mastic, for setting marine boilers, 180 Central forces, 9 Centre of pressure of paddle wheels, 279 Centres of gravity, gyration and oscillation, 11 Centres for fling arms of paddle wheel, 242 Centres of an engine, how to lay off, 390 Centrifugal force, nature of, 9 Centrifugal force, rule for determining, 10 Centrifugal force, bursting velocity of fly wheel, 10, 11 Centrifugal force, and of railway wheels, 11 Centrifugal pump will supersede common pump, 213 Centripetal force, nature of, 9 Chimney of locomotives, 201 Chimney of steam vessels, what to do if carried away, 399 Chimneys of land boilers, 134, 138 Chimneys, Boulton and Watt's rule for proportions of, 139 Chimneys of marine boilers, 14O Chimneys, exhaustion produced by 134, 138 Chimneys, high and wide chimneys in locomotives injurious, 135 Chimneys of steamboats, 186 Chimneys of steamboats, telescope, 187 Clark's patent steam fire regulator, 340 Coal, constituents of, 74 Coal, combustion of air required for, 74 Coal, evaporative efficacy of, 72 Coal, of wood, turf, and coke, 76 Cocks, proper construction of, 234-237 Cog wheels for screw engines, 63 Coke, evaporative efficacy of, 76 Cold water pump, description of, 50 Cold water pump, rule for size of, 165 Combustion, nature of, 73 Combustion of coal, air required for, 74 Combustion, slow and rapid, comparative merits of, 77 Combustion, rapid combustion necessary in steam vessels, and enables less heating surface in the boiler to suffice, 77 Conchoidal propeller, 333 Condensation of steam, water required for, 160,161 Condenser, description of, 49 Condenser, action of, 50, 59 Condenser, proper dimensions of, 158 Condenser of oscillating engine, 311 Condenser of direct acting screw engine, 324 Condensing engine, definition of, 1 Condensing water, how to provide when deficient, 208 Conical pendulum or governor, 16 Connecting rod, description of, 46, 47 Connecting rod, strength proper for, 167, 171 Connecting rod of direct acting screw engines, 327 Connecting rod of locomotives 259 Consumption of fuel on each square foot of fire bars In wagon, Cornish, and locomotive boilers, 123 Copper, strength of, 26 Corliss's steam engine, 354-357 Corrosion produced by surcharged steam, 196 Corrosion of marine boilers, 194 Corrosion of marine boilers, causes of,195 Cost of locomotives, 249 Cotton spinning, power necessary for, 376 Counter for counting strokes of an engine, 116 Crank, description of, 46 unequal Crank, leverage of, corrected by fly wheel, 2 Crank, no power lost by, 17 Crank, action of, 54 Crank, strength proper for, 172, 173 Crank of direct acting screw engines, 324, 329, 330 Crank pin, strength proper for, 173 Crank pin of direct acting screw en''° 329 Cranked ed axle of locomotives, 259 Cross head, description of, 58 Cross head, strength proper for, 174 Cross. head of direct acting screw engines, 328 Cross tail, description of, 59 Cylinder, description of, 46 Cylinder, strength proper for, 166 Cylinder of oscillating engine, 309, 311, 321 Cylinder of direct acting screw engine, 324, 325 Cylinders should have a steam jacket, and be felted and planted, 218 Cylinders should have escape valves, 219 Cylinders of locomotives should be large, 254 Cylinders of locomotives, proper arrangement of, 257 Cylinders, how to cast, 378,379 Cylinders, bow to bore, 380 Cylinders, how to grind, 381 Cylinder jacket, advantages of, 91 Damper, 37 Dampers, various forms of,183 Deadwood, hole In, for screw 239 Delivery valve, description of, 50 Delivery or discharge valves, proper dimensions of, 160 Delivery valves might be made on Belidor's plan, 227 Delivery valves in mouth of air pump, 227 Delivery valves of india rubber, 228-231 Direct acting screw engines should be balanced, 217 Direct acting screw engine by Messrs John Bourne & Co., 323 Direct acting cylinder, 324, 325 Direct acting discs, 324, 329, 330 Direct acting guides, 325 Direct acting screw shaft brasses, 325 Direct acting air pump, 325, 320 Direct acting slide valve, 326 Direct acting balance piston, 326 Direct acting connecting rod, 327 Direct acting piston rods, 327 Direct acting cross lead, 328 Direct acting air pump arm, 328 Direct acting feed pump, 328 Direct acting crank pin, 329 - Direct acting screw shaft, 331 Direct acting thrust plummer block, 331, 332 Direct acting link motion, 332 Direct acting screw propeller, 333 Discharge valves, 236 Disc valves of India rubber for air pumps, 229, 230. i Discs of direct acting screw engine instead of crank, 324, 329, 330 Dodds, expansion valve by, 100 Double acting engines, definition of, 2, 3 Double acting air pumps, 159 Double acting air pumps, valves of, 229 Double acting air pumps, faults of, 231, 233 Draw bolt, 336 Dredging earth out of rivers, power necessary for, 377 Driving wheels of locomotives, 266 Driving piles, power necessary for, 377 Duplex pump, Worthington's, 346 Dundonald, Earl of, screw by, 297 Duty of engines and boilers, 108 Duty of engines, how the duty is ascertainable, 109 Dynamometer, description of, 117 Dynamometric power of screw vessels, 293 Eccentric, description of, 59 some- I Eccentric, times made loose for backing, 225 Eccentric and eccentric rod of oscillating engine, 316 Eccentric notch should be fitted with a brass bush, 226 Eccentric straps of locomotives, 261 Eccentric rods of locomotives, 261 Eccentrics of locomotives, 260 Eccentrics of locomotives, how to readjust, 263 Economy of fuel in steam vessels, 307 Edwards, expansion valve by, 22 Elasticity, limits of, 27 Engine, high pressure, definition of, 1 Engine, low pressure, definition of, 1 Engines, classification of, 2 Engines, rotative, definition of, 2 Engines, rotatory, definition of, 2 Engines, single acting, definition of, 2 Engines, double acting, definition of, 2, 3 Engines, mode of erecting in a vessel, 244-246 Engines, how to refix if they have become loose, 247 Engineers of steam vessels should make proper preparation for accidents, 400 Equilibrium slide valve, 222-224 Equilibrium gridiron valve, 224 Erecting engines in a vessel, 243-246 Erection of engines in the workshop, 388 Escape valve on feed pipe, 198 Escape valves for letting water out of cylinders, 219 Evaporative efficacy of coal, 75 Evaporative efficacy of Wood, turf, and coke, 76 Evaporative. power of boilers, 127, 130 Evaporative, power generated by evaporation of a cubic foot of water, 131 Evaporative, increase of evaporation due to increased exhaustion in locomotives, 135 Excavator, Otis's, 372 Exhaustion produced by chimneys, 134, 139 Exhaustion by the blast in locomotives, 134 Exhaustion increased evaporation from increased exhaustion, 135 Expanding mandrels for tubing boilers, 204 Expansion of air by beat, 85 Expansion of surcharged steam by heat, 85 Expansion of steam, 87 Expansion pressure of steam inversely as the space occupied, 88 Expansion law of expansion, 89 Expansion rule for computing the increase of efficiency produced by working expansively, 90 Expansion necessity of efficient provisions against refrigeration in working expansively, 91 Expansion advantages of steam Jacket, 91 Expansion Forms of apparatus for working expansively: lap on the aide valve, 93 Expansion wire drawing the steam, 95 Expansion Cornish expansion valve, in rotative engines worked by a cam, 97 Expansion, mode of varying the degree of expansion, 98 Expansion, proper forms of cams, 98 Expansion, the link motion, 99 Expansion, expansion valves, by Cabrey, Fenton, Dodds, Farcot, Edwards, Lavaaria:, Bodiner, Meyer, Hawthorn. Gonzenbach, and Bourne, 99-101, 354-301 Expansion joint in valve casing, 219 Expansion valves, Cornish, 96 Expansion valves, the link motion, 99 Expansion valves, by Cabrey, Fenton, Dodds, Farcot, tiwardh, Lavagrian, Bodmer, Meyer, Hawthorn, Gonzenbach, and Bourne, 99-101, 354-361 Explosions of boilers, 149 Explosions, causes of explosions, 150 Explosions, precautions against, 151, 152 Explosions, dangers of accumulations of salt, 152 Face plates or planometer., 383 Falling bodies, laws of, 7 Farcot, expansion valve by, 100 Feathering paddle wheels, description of, 62: Feathering paddle wheels, details of, 319 Feed pump, description of, 49: Feed pump, action of. 51: Feed pump, proper dimensions of, 86 Feed pump, rule for proportioning, 163 Feed pump plunger, 234 and valves 234 Feed pumps of locomotives, details of, 264 Feed pumps of direct acing screw engines, 328 Fenton, expansion salve by, 100 Fire bars of locomotives, 201 Fire box of locomotives, mode of staying, 200 Fire box of modern locomotives, 334 Fire engines, cost of running, 370 Fire grate surface of boilers, 123 Fire grate in locomotives should be of small area, 110 coke proper to be burned per hour on each square foot of bars, 110 Firing furnaces, proper mode of 76 Flaws in valves or cylinders, how to remedy, 383 Float for regulating -rater level in boilers, 36, 119 Floats of paddle, 243 Floats of paddle wheels, increased resistance of, if oblique, 282 Floats should be large, 284 Fly wheel corrects unequal leverage of crank, 3 Fly wheel, proper energy for, 8 Fly wheel, Boulton and Watt's rule for, 9 Fly wheel, bursting velocity of, 10 Fly wheel, description of, 46 Fly wheel, action of, in redressing irregularities of motion, 54 Foot valve, description of, 49 Foot valve, proper dimensions of, 160 Foot valves might be made on Belidor's plan, 227 Foot valves of India rubber, 228-231 Frame at stern for holding screw propeller, 240 Framing of locomotives, 253 Framing of oscillating engine, 309 Franklin Institute, experiments on steam by, 83 French Academy, experiments on steam by, 83 Friction, nature of, 20 Friction does not vary as the rubbing surfaces, but as the retaining pressure, 20 Friction does not increase with the velocity per unit of distance, but increases with the velocity per unit of time, 20 Friction, measures of friction, 21 Friction, effect of unguents, 21 Friction, kind of unguent should vary with the pressure, 22 Friction, Morin's experiments, 22 Friction, rule for determining proper surfaces of bearings, 23 Friction, friction of rough surfaces, 24 Friction of the water the main cause of the resistance of vessels of good shape, 272 Fuel burnt on each square foot of fire bars in wagon, Cornish, and locomotive boilers, 123 Fuel, economy of, in steam vessels, 307 Funnel casing, 187 Funnel, what to do If carried away, 399 Funnels of steam boats. See Chimneys Furnaces, proper mode of firing, 78 Furnaces, smoke burning: Williams's argand, 79 Furnaces, Prideaux's, 79 Furnaces, Poulton and Watt's dead plate, 80 Furnaces, revolving grate, 80 Furnaces, Juckes's, 81 Furnaces, Maudslay's, 81 Furnaces, Hall's, Coupland's, Godson's, Robinson's, Stevens's, Hazeldine's, &c., 84 Furnaces of marine boilers, proper length of, 181 Furnace bridges, benefits of, 183 Fusible metal plugs useless as antidotes to explosions, 152 Gauges, vacuum, 4 Gauges, steam, 4 Gauges, gauge cocks and glass tubes for showing level of water in boiler, description of, 5, 111, 340 Gauge cocks for showing level of water in boiler, 5, 118, 237 Gearing for screw engines, 63 Gibs and cutters, strengths proper for, 175 Giffard's injector, 347 Glass tubes for showing water level in boilers, 5, 118 Glass tube cocks, 237 Gonzeiibach, expaiis'.on salve by, 101 Gooch's indicator, 115, 116 Gooch's locomotive, 68, 334 Governor or conical pendulum, 16, 17 Governor, description of, 47 Governor, Porter's patent, 342 Gravity, centre of, 12 Great Western, boilers of, by Messrs. Maurdslay, 122 Gridiron valve, 224 Griffith's screw, 298 Grinding corn, power necessary for, 373-375 Grinding of cylinders, 381 Gudgeons, strength proper for, 163 Guides of locomotives, 258 Guides of direct acting screw engine, 324 Gun metal, strength of, 26 Gyration, centre of, 12 Harvey and West's pump valves, 211 Hawthorn, expansion valve by,101 heat, latent, definition of, 71 Heat, specific, definition of, 73 Beat, Regnault's experiments on, 72 Heat, loss of, by blowing oil marine boilers, 191 Heating surface of boilers, 122 Heating surface per square foot of fire bars, in locomotives, 120 Heating a cubic foot of water evaporates by five square feet of heating surface, 110 Heating of bearings, causes of, 402 Heating of bearings should always be slack at the sides, else the pressure is Infinite High pressure engine, definition of, 1 High pressure engines, power of, 126 High speed engines,106, arrangements proper for high speeds, 104 Hoadley's portable engine, 351 Hodgson's screw, 297 Hoe & Co.'s steam engine, 353 Holding down bolts of marine engines, or bolts for securing engines to hull, 59 Holms's screw propeller, 298, 333 Horses power, definition of, 146 Horses power, nominal horse power, 103-108 Horses power, actual power ascertained by the indictator, 103, 108 Horses power, Admiralty rule, for, 107 Hot water or feed pump, description of, 49 Dot well, description of, 49 Increasing pitch of screw, 285 Incrustation in boilers, 188 Incrustation, See also Salt India rubber valves for air pump, 228 Indicator, description of the, 103 Indicator, by M'Naught, structure and mode of using, 112-115 Indicator, Gooch's continuous indicator, 115 Injection cock, 49, 60 injection cocks of marine engines at ship's sides 236 Infection orifice, proper area of, 162 Injector, Gitlard's, 347 Injection valve, 236 Inside cylinder locomotives, 255 Iron, strength of, 25-27 Iron, limits of elasticity of, 27 Iron, proper strain to be put upon iron in engines and machines 28 Iron, aggravation of strain by being intermittent, 29 Iron, increase of strain due to deflection, 30 Iron, strength of pillars and tubes, 3 Iron, combination of malleable and cast iron, 33 Iron, cast, strength of, 25-27 Iron, cast iron beams, 30 Iron, may be strong to resist strains, but not strong to resist. shock, 32 Iron, should be combined with wrought iron to obtain maximum strength, 33 Iron, if to be case hardened, should be homogeneous, 386 Jacket of cylinder, advantages of, 91, 218 Joints, rust, how to make, 385 Kingston's valves, 23G Lamb's scale preventer, 193 Lantern brass in stuffing boxes, 218 Lap and lead of the valve, meaning of, 92 Large vessels have least proportionate resistance, 277 Latent heat, definition of, 71 Latta's steam fire engine, 362 Lavagrian, expansion valve by, 100 Lead and lap of the valve, meaning of, 92 Lead of the valve, benefits of, 157 Lever, 17 Lever, futility of plans for deriving power from a lover, 18 Lifting apparatus for screw propeller, 241 Limits of elasticity, 26 Links, main description of, 51, 62, 99, 262 Link motion of direct acting screw engine, 332 Link motion, how to set, 394 Locomotive engines: general description of the locomotive, 65 Locomotive engines: Stephen-son's locomotive, 66 Locomotive engines: Gooch's locomotive for the wide gauge. 69 Locomotive engines: Crampton's locomotive for the narrow gauge, 69 Locomotives, adhesion of wheels of, 219 Locomotives, cost and performance of, 249 Locomotives, framing of, 253 Locomotives, cylinders of, 254, 257 Locomotives, springs of, 254 Locomotives, outside and inside cylinders, 254 Locomotives, sinuous motion of, 255 Locomotives, rocking motion of, 255 Locomotives, pitching motion of, 256 Locomotives, pistons, 257 Locomotives, piston rods, 258 Locomotives, guides, 258 Locomotives, cranked axle, 259 Locomotives, axle bearings, 260 Locomotives, eccentrics, 260 Locomotives, eccentric rod, 261 Locomotives, starting handle, 262 Locomotives, link motion, 262 Locomotives, valves,.how to set, 262 Locomotives, eccentrics, how to readjust, 263 Locomotives, feed pumps, 264 Locomotives, conflection of engine and tender, 265 Locomotives, driving wheels, 266 Locomotives, wheel tires, 267 Locomotive engine of modern construction, example of, 334 Locomotive engine of modern construction, fire box, 334 Locomotive engine of modern construction, barrel of boiler, 335 Locomotive engine of modern construction, tubes, 335 Locomotive engine of modern construction, tube plate 335 Locomotive engine of modern construction, framing, 335 Locomotive engine of modern construction, axle guards, 336 Locomotive engine of modern construction, draw bolt, 336 Locomotive engine of modern construction, wheels and axles, 336 Locomotive engine of modern construction, cylinders, 336 Locomotive engine of modern construction, valve, 336 Locomotive engine of modern construction, piston, 336 Locomotive engine of modern construction, piston rod, 336 Locomotive engine of modern construction, guides, 336 Locomotive engine of modern construction, connecting rod, 336 Locomotive engine of modern construction, eccentrics, 337 Locomotive engine of modern construction, link motion, 337 Locomotive engine of modern construction, regulator, 337 Locomotive engine of modern construction, blast pipe, 337 Locomotive engine of modern construction, safety valve, 387 Locomotive engine of modern construction, feed pump, 337 Locomotive engine of modern construction, tendencies of improvement in locomotives, 338 Locomotives, management of, 403-407 Locomotive boilers, examples of modern proportions, 133 Locomotive boilers, details of, 199 Low pressure or condensing engine, definition of, 1 Lubrication of rubbing surfaces, 21 Lubrication, the friction depends mainly on the nature of lubricant, 21, 22 Lubrication, oil forced out of bearings, if the pressure exceeds 800 lbs. per square inch longitudinal section, 23 Lubrication, water a good lubricant if the surfaces are large enough, 23 Lubrication of engine bearings, 401 M`Naught's indicator, 112-115 Main beam, strength proper for, 168 Main centre, description of,58 Main centre, strength proper for, 174 Main links, description of, 52 Main links, strength proper for, 167 Mandrels, expanding, for tubing boilers, 234 Manhole door, 36 Manhole of locomotives, 201 Marine flue boilers, proportions of, 122, 123. See also Boilers Marine boilers of modern construction, proper proportions of, 132 Marine engines. See Steam Engines, marine Mastic cement for setting marine boil-era, 180 Mandalay, Messrs., boilers of "Retribution" and "Great Western," by, 122 Mechanical powers, 17 Mechanical powers, misconceptions respecting, 18 Mechanical power, definition of, 19 Mechanical power, indestructible and eternal, 19 Mechanical power, the sun the source of mechanical power, 19 Metallic packing for pistons, 208, 220 Metallic packing for stuffing boxes, 219 Meyer, expansion valve by, 100 Miller, Ravenhill & Co.'s mode of fixing piston rod to piston, 222 Modern locomotives, 334 Momentum, or vis viva 8 Morin, experiments on friction by, 22: Mudholes of locomotives, 203 Muntz's metal, composition of, 388 Niger" and "Basilisk," trials of, 291 Nile," boilers of the, by Boulton and Watt, 126 Notch of eccentric should be fitted with brass bush, 226 Oils for lubrication, 21. See Lubrication Oscillation, centre of, 12 Oscillating paddle engine, description of, 61 Oscillating engine, advantages of, 214 Oscillating engine, futility of objections to, 215 Oscillating engine, details of cylinder, 309, 311, 321 Oscillating engine, framing, 309 Oscillating engine, condenser, 310 Oscillating engine, air pump, 310 Oscillating engine, trunnions, 311, 321 Oscillating engine, valve and valve Oscillating engine, casing, 312 Oscillating engine, piston, 313 Oscillating engine, piston rod, 314 Oscillating engine, air pump connecting rod and cross head, 315 Oscillating engine, air pump rod, 316 Oscillating engine, eccentric and eccentric rod, 310 Oscillating engine, valve gear, 317 Oscillating engine, valve sector, 317 Oscillating engine, shaft plummer blocks, 319 Oscillating engine, trunnion plummer blocks, 319 Oscillating engine, feathering paddle wheels, 319, 320 Oscillating engine, packing of trunnions, 323 Oscillating engines, how to erect, 391 Otie's excavator, 372 Outside and inside cylinder locomotives, 251 Packing for stuffing box of Watt's engine, 51 Packing of piston of pumping engines, how to accomplish, 208 Packing of trunnions, 323 Paddle bolts, proper mode of forming, 242 Paddle centres, 242 Paddle floats, 243 Paddle shaft, description of, 59 Paddle shaft, details of, 244 Paddle shaft plummer blocks of oscillating engines, 319 Paddle wheels, details of, 241 Paddle wheels, structure and opperation of, 278 Paddle wheels, slip of, 278 Paddle wheels, centre of pressure ot 279 Paddle wheels, rolling circle, 280 Paddle wheels, action of oblique floats, 283 Paddle wheels, rule for proportioning paddle wheels, 283 Paddle wheels, benefits of large floats, 284 Paddle wheels, feathering, description of, 61 Paddle wheels, details of, 319 Paddles and screw combined, 305 Parallel motion, description of, 52, 59 Parallel motion, how to lay off centres of, 390 Pendulum, 12 Pendulum, cause of vibrations of, 13 Pendulum, relation of vibrations of pendulum to velocity of falling bodies, 15 Pendulum, conical pendulum or -governor, 15, 16 Penn, Messrs., engines of "Great Britain," by, 64 Penn, Messrs., direct acting screw lines by, 65 Penn, Messrs., trunk engines by, 65 Performance of locomotives, 249, 250 Pillars, hollow, strength of, 31 Pillars, law of strength varies with thickness of metal, 32 Pipe for receiving screw shaft, 239 Pipes of marine engines, 237 Piston, description of, 46 Piston, how to pack with hemp, 208 Pistons, metallic packing for, 208, 220 Pistons for oscillating engines, 221, 313 Pistons, How to fit and finish, 382 Pistons of locomotives, 257 Piston rod, description of, 46, 59 Piston rod, strength proper for, 167, 171 Piston rods of locomotives, 257 Piston rod of oscillating engine, 313 Piston rods of direct acting screw engine, 327 Pitch of the screw, 285 Pitch, increasing or expanding, 285 Pitching motion In locomotives, 256 Planometers, or face plates, 383 Plummer blocks of shafts and trunnions of oscillating engines, 319 Plummer blocks for receiving thrust of screw propeller, 241, 331, 332 Plunger of feed pump, 234 Portable engine, Hoadley's, 351 Porter's patent governor, 342 Ports of the cylinder, area of, 157 Pot-lid valves of air pump, 227 Powers, mechanical, 17 Powers, misconception respecting, 18 Power, horses, definition of, 102 Power, nominal and actual power, 103-108 Power, power of high pressure engines, 105 Power necessary for thrashing and grinding corn, working sugar mills, spinning cotton, sawing timber, pressing cotton, blowing furnaces, driving piles, and dredging earth out of rivers, 373-377 Pressing cotton, power necessary for, 377 Priming, nature and causes of, 142, 143 Priming, if excessive, may occasion explosion, 151 Propeller, screw, description of, 64 Proportions of screws with two, four, and six blades, 302, 303 Proving of boilers, 178 Prussiate of Potash for case hardening, 386 Pumping engines, mode of erecting, 206 Pumping engines, mode of starting, 209 Pumps, loss of effect in, at high speed and with hot water, 86, 160 Pumps, loss of effect in, at high speed and with hot water, causes of this loss, 164 Pumps, loss of effect in, at high speed and with hot water, remedy for, 16:5 Pumps used for mines, 211 Pump, air, description of, 49 Pump, action of, 51 Pumps, air, proper proportions of, 158 Pumps, single and double acting, 159 Pump, centrifugal, better than common pump, 213 Pump, cold water, description of, 4 Pump, feed, description of, 49 Pump, feed, Action of 51 Pump, feed, proper dimensions of, 86 Pump, feed, rule for proportioning, 163 Pump, feed, plunger of, 234 Pump, feed, vales of, 234 Pump, feed, independent, 344--350 Pump valves for mines, &c., 211, 212 Punching and shearing boiler plates, ISO Railway wheels, bursting velocity of, 11 Railway trains, res Istance of, 144, 249-252 Rarefaction or exhaustion produced by chimneys, 139 "Rattler" and" Alecto," trials of, 292 Registration, benefits at 307 Regnault, experiments on heat by, 72, 83 Regulator, a valve for regulating the admission of steam in locomotive. description of, 66 Regulator, various forms of, 205 Regulator, Clark's, patent steam and fire, 340 Rennie, experiments on friction by, 21 Resistance, experienced by railway trains, 144, 250-252 Resistance of vessels in water, 270 Resistance, mainly made up of friction, 271 Resistance, experiments on, 273-277 Resistance and speed of vessels influenced by their size, 277 Retribution," boilers of, by Messrs. Mandalay, 122 Riveting and caulking of land boilers, 178 Rocking motion of locomotives, 255 Rolling circle of paddle wheels, 280 Rotatory engines, definition of, 2 Rotative engines, definition of, 2 Rust joints, how to make, 385 Safety valve, area of, in low pressure engines, 154 in locomotives, 155, 337 Salinometer, or salt gauge, how to use, 395 Salinometer, how to construct, 395 Salt, accumulation of, prevented in marine boilers by blowing off, 5 Salt, if allowed to accumulate in boilers may occasion explosion, 153 Salt, amount of, in sea water, 189 Salt water produces surcharged steam, 196 Salting of boilers, what to do if this takes place, 396, 397 Sawing timber, power necessary for, 376 Scale in marine boilers, ISS. See also Salt Scale preventer, Lamb's, 193 Scrap iron, unsuitable for case hardening, 386 Scraping tools for metal surfaces, 382 Screw, 17 Screw engine, geared oscillating, description of, 63 Screw engine, direct acting, description of, 65 Screw engine, direct acting, by Messrs. John Bourne & Co., 323 Screw engines, best forms of, 216 Screw frame in deadwood, 241 Screw propeller, description of, 63 Screw propeller, mode of fixing on shaft, 239 Screw, modes of receiving thrust, 240 Screw, apparatus for lifting, 241: Screw, configuration of, 285 Screw, action of, 285 Screw, pitch of the screw, 2& Screw, screws of increasing or expanding pitch, 256 Screw, slip of the screw, 237 Screw, positive and negative slip, 2S7 Screw, screw and paddle compared, 288 Screw, test of the dynamometer, 291 Screw, trials of the "Rattler", and "Alecto," and "Niger" and "Basilisk," 292 Screw, indicator and dynamometer power, 293 Screw, loss of power in screw vessels in head wind, 294 Screw, the screw should be deeply immersed, 290 Screw, screws of the Earl of Dundonald, Hodgson, Griffith, Holm, and Beattie, 298-300 Screw, lateral and retrogressive slip, 300 Screw, sterns of screw vessels should be sharp, 301 Screw, proportions of screws, with two, four, and six blade, 301, 302: Screw, screw vessels with auxiliary. power, 303 Screw, screw and paddles combined, 305 Screw, economy of fuel in steam vessels, 307 Screw, benefits of registration, 307 Screw propeller, Holm's conchoidal, 333 Screw shaft, details of, 239 Screw shaft pipe at stern, 239, 331 Screw shaft brasses of direct acting screw engines 325 Sea water, amount of salt in, 189 Sea injection cocks, 236 Setting of wagon boilers, 178 Setting of marine boilers, 180 Setting the valves of locomotives, 262 Shaft, paddle, details of, 244 Shaft of screw propeller, details of, 239 Shafts, strength of, 169, 170, 173 Shank's steatu gauge,112 Shocks may not be well resisted by iron that can well resist strains, 32 Shocks, effect of inertia in resisting shocks, 32 Side levers or beams, description of, 59 Side lever marine engines, description or, 59, 60 Side lever engines, how to erect, 389-395 Side rods, description of, 58 Side rods, strength proper for, 171 Silsbee, Myriderse & Co.'s steam engine, 369 Single acting engines, definition of, Single acting or pumping engine mode of erecting, 208 Single acting engines, mode of starting, 209 Sinuous motion of locomotives, 255 Slide valve, various forms of, 91 Slide valve, long D and three ported valve, description of, 91 Slide valve, action of the slide valve, 92 Slide valve, lead and lap of the valve, 92 Slide valve, rules for determining the proportions of valves, 94 Slide valve, advantages of lead in swift moving engines, 95 Slide valve, equilibrium, 222-225 Slide valve with balance piston of Slide valve, direct acting screw engine, 326 Slide valve, how to finish, 383, 384 Slide valves of marine engines, how to set, 393 Slip of paddle wheels, 278 Slip of the screw, 287 Slip, positive and negative slip, 287 Slip, lateral and retrogressive slip, 300 Smoke, modes of consuming, 78-82 Smoke burning furnaces Williams's argand, 79 Smoke burning furnaces, Prideaux's, 79-81 Smoke burning furnaces, Boulton and Watt's dead plate, 80 Smoke burning furnaces, revolving grate, 80 Smoke burning furnaces, Juckes's, 81 Smoke burning furnaces, Maudslay's, 81 Smoke burning furnaces, Ball's, Coupland's, Godson's, Robinson's, Stevens's, Hazeldine's, &c., 82 Snake" locomotive, 334 Southern, experiments on friction by, 21 Southern, experiments on steam by, 83 Specific heat, definition of, 73 Speed of vessels influenced by their size, 277 Spheroidal condition of water in boilers, 151 Springs of locomotives, 254 Stand pipe for low pressure boilers, 36,37,119 Starting handle of locomotives, 262 Staying of boilers, 148, 149 Staying tube plates, mode of, 185 Staying fire boxes of locomotives, 200 Steam, experiments on by Southern, French Academy, Franklin Institute, and M. Regnault, 83 Steam pump, Worthington's 344 Steam pump, Woodward's, 347 Steam and water, relative bulks of, 85 Steam, expansion of, 87 Steam, pressure of, inversely as space occupied, 88 See also Expansion of Steam Steam engine, applications and appliances of the, 339-377 Steam engine: general description of Watt's double acting engine, 46 Steam engine: R. Hoe & Co.'s, 353 Steam engine: Corliss's, 3&4-357 Steam engine: Woodruff & Beach's, 358 Steam engine: Steam engine, various forms of, for propelling vessels, 55-65 Steam engine: paddle engines and screw engines, 56 Steam engine: principal varieties of paddle engines, 56 Steam engine: different kinds of paddle wheels, 57 Steam engine: the side lever engine, 57 Steam engine: description of the side lever engine, 58-60 Steam engine: oscillating paddle engine, 61 Steam engine: description of feathering paddle wheels, 62 Steam engine: direct action screw engine, 65 Steam dome of locomotives, 202 Steam tire engine, Latta's, 362 Steam tire engine, Amoskeag, 365 Steam tire engine, Silsbee, Mynderse & Co.'s, 369 Steam gauge, 5, 111 Bourdon's, 111 Shank's, 112 Steam jacket, benefits of 91, 218 Steam passages, area of, 156, 157 Steam room in boilers, 141, 142 Steam, surcharged, law of expansion by heat, 85 Steel, strength of, 26 Stephenson, link motion by, 98 Stop valves between boilers, 197 Straight edges, 383 Strains subsisting in machines, 25 Strain proper to be put upon iron in engines, 28 Strains in machines vary inversely as the velocity of the part to which the strain is applied, 29 Strains, aggravated by being intermittent, 29 Strains, increase of strain due to deflection, 30 Strains, effects of alternate strains in opposite directions, 31 Strength of materials, 25 Strength of hollow pillars, 31 Strength of hollow pillars, law of strength varies with thickness of metal, 32 Strength of cast iron to resist shocks does not vary as the strength to resist strains, 32 increase of strength by combination with cast iron, 33 Strength of boilers, 145 Strength of boilers, experiments on, by Franklin Institute, 145 Strength of boilers, by Mr. Bairbairn, 146 Strength of boilers, mode of computiug, 146, 147 Strength of boilers, mode of staying for strength, 148 Strength of engines : cylinder, 106 Strength of trunnions, 166 Strength of piston rod, 167, 171 Strength of main links, 167 Strength of connecting rod, 167-171 Strength of studs of the beam, 168 Strength of gudgeons, 168 Strength of working beam, 168 Strength of cast iron shaft, 169, 170 Strength of malleable Iron shaft, 173 Strength of teeth of wheels 170 Strength of side rods, 171 Strength of crank, 172, 178: Strength of crank pin, 173 Strength of cross head, 174 Strength of main centre, 174 Strength of gibs and cutter, 175 Studs, strength proper for, 168 Stuffing box, description of, 51 Stuffing boxes with metallic packing, 219 Stuffing boxes with sheet brass packed behind with hemp, 219 Stuffing boxes, sometimes fitted with a lantern brass, 214 Sugar mills, power necessary to work, 375 Summers' experiments on the friction of rough surfaces 24 Surcharged steam, law of expansion of by heat, 85 Surcharged steam produced by salt water, 196 Surcharged steam produced by salt water, corrosive action of, 19G Surfaces, how to make true, 382 Sweeping the tubes of boilers clean of soot, 264 Teeth of wheels, 170 Telescope chimneys, 187 Tender of a locomotive, description of, 68 Tender, attachment of, to engine, 265 Thrashing corn, power necessary for, 34 Throttle valve, description of, 46 Thrust of the screw propeller, modes of receiving, 240 Thrust plummer block, 331, 332 Tires of locomotive wheels, 267 Traction on railways, 248 Trunk engine by Messrs. Ronnie, disadvantages of, 216 Trunk engines by Messrs. Penn, 65 Trunnions of oscillating engines, description of, 60 Trunnions, strength proper for, 106 Trunnions, details of, 311 Trunnion packing, 323 Trunnion plummer blocks, 319 Tube plates, mode of staying, 185 Tube plates of modern locomotives, 335 Tubes of modern locomotive boilers, 335 Tubes of boilers, bow to sweep clean of soot, 398 Tubing of boilers, 185 Tubing locomotive boilers, 204 Valve, atmospheric, 36 Valve casing,, description of, 48 Valve casing should have expansion joint, 219 Valve and valve casing of oscillating engine, 312 Valve delivery, description of, 49 Valve delivery, action of, 50 Valve, equilibrium slide, 222-225 Valve, foot, description of, 49 Valve, foot, action of, 50 Valve gear of Watt's engine, 49 Valve gear, action of, 50 Valve gear of oscillating engine, 317 Valve, gridiron, 224 Valve, slide. See. Slide Valve Valve, slide, how to finish, 383, 384 Valves, ball, 264 Valves, Belidor's might be used for foot and delivery valves, 227 Valves, butterfly, of air pump, 227 Valves, concentric ring, for air pump bucket, 228 Valves, equilibrium, 96 Valves, escape, for cylinders 219 Valves, expansion. See Expansion Valves Valves for feed pumps 234 Valves, India rubber, for air pump, 228-231 Valves, Kingston's, 236 Valves of locomotives, how to set 262 Valves, pot-lid, of air pump, 227 Vacuum, meaning of, 1 Vacuum, nature and uses of, 3 Vacuum, how maintained in engines, 3 Vacuum sometimes occurs In boilers, 5 Vacuum, evils of a vacuum in boilers, 4 Vacuum, velocity with which air rushes into a, 4 Vacuum gauge, 4, 111 Vacuum guage, Bourdon's, 111 Velocity of air entering a vacuum, 4 Velocity of falling bodies, 6 Vent of boilers, definition of, 124 Vessels, resistance of, 270 Vessels, mainly made up of friction in good forms, 271 Vessels, experiments on, 273-277 Vessels, influence of size, 277 Vis viva, or mechanical power, 7 Waste steam pipe, 187 Waste water pipe, 236, 237 Water required for condensation, 160 Water, pumps for supplying, 165 Watt's double acting engine, description of, 46 Wedge, 17 Wheels, toothed, for screw engines, 63 Wood, experiments on friction by, 21 Wheels, teeth of, 170 Wood, evaporative efficacy of, 76 Wheels of locomotives, adhesion of, 249 Woodman's steam pump, 347 Woodruff & Beach's steam engine, 358 Wheels, driving, of locomotives, 266 Working beam of land engine, description, 46 Wheel tires, 267 Wheels and axles of modern locomotives, 336 Worthington's steam pump, 344 Worthington's duplex pump, 346