ATOCI: A Handbook of Chemical Technology, 1872. [AHOCT]
TABLE OF CONTENTS

DIVISION I.
CHEMICAL METALLURGY, ALLOYS, AND PREPARATIONS MADE AND OBTAINED FROM METALS.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. - Meaning of the term Metallurgy, 4. Ores, 4. Dressing of Ores, 5. Preparation of Ores, 5. Smelting of the Ores, 6. The Mixing of the Smelt, 7. Products of the Smelting Operation, 7. Slags, 7.
IRON. - Its Occurrence, 8.
PIG OR CRUDE IRON. - Extraction of Iron from its Ores, 9. Theory of the Iron Extraction Process, 10. Blast - furnace Process, io. Description of the Blast - furnace, ii. The Blowing Engine and Blast, 12. Course of the Smelting Process, 13. Chemical Process going on in the Interior of the Blast - furnace, 13. - Temperature in the Blast - furnace at Different Points, 15. Blast - furnace Gases, 15. Application of these Gases to the Manufacture of Sal - ammoniac, i6. Crude Iron, Cast - iron, 16. White Cast - iron, 16. Grey Cast - iron, 16. Statistics concerning the Production of Crude Iron, i8. Iron Foundry Work - Re - smelting Crude Cast - iron, 18. Shaft or Cupola Furnace, 18. Reverberatory Furnace, 18. Making the Moulds, 19. Annealing, Tempering, 20. Enamelling of Cast-iron, 20.
MALLEABLE, BAR, OR WROUGHT - IRON. - Bar Iron, Refined Iron, 20. German Iron - refining Process, 2I. Swedish Refining Process, 22.. The Puddling Process, 22. Puddling Furnace, 22. Heating with Gases, 24. Refining of Iron by Mechanical Means, 24. Boiler - plate Rolling, 24. Iron Wire Manufactute, 25. Properties of Bar Iron, 26.
STEEL. - Steel, 26. Rough Steel, 27. Steel Making by Imparting Carbon to Wrought. iron, 28. Refined Steel, Shear Steel, 29. Cast - steel, 29. Steel made from Malleable and Crude Cast - iron, 29. Surface Steel Hardening, 2g. Properties of Steel, 2g. Tempering, 30, Steel and other Metals, 30. Damascene or Wootz Steel, 30. Siderography or Steel Engraving, 31. Statistics of Steel Production, 31.
IRON PREPARATIONs. - Copperas - Green Vitriol, 3r. Preparation of Green Vitriol as a Byproduct in Alum Works, 32. Preparation of Green Vitriol in Beds, 32. Green Vitriol from the Residues of Pyrites Distillation, 32. Green Vitriol from Metallic Iron and Sulphuric Acid, 32. From Spathic Iron Ore, 32. Uses of Green Vitriol, 32. Iron Minium, 32. Yellow Prussiate of Potassa, 33. Applications of the Yellow Prussiate, 35. Red Prussiate, 35. Cyanide of Potassium, 35. Berlin Blue, 36. Old Method of Preparing Prussian Blue, 36. Recent Methods of Preparing Berlin Blue, 36. Turnbull's Blue, 37. Berlin Blue as a By - product of the Manufactures of Coal - gas and Animal Charcoal, 37. Soluble Berlin - Blue, 37.
COBALT. - Metallic Cobalt, 37. Cobalt Colours, 37. Smalt, 38. Cobalt Speiss, 38. Applications of Smalt, 38. Cobalt Ultramarine, 38. Curuleum, 39. Rinmann's or Cobalt Green, 39. Chemically pure Protoxide of Cobalt, 39. Nitrate of Protoxide of Cobalt and Potassa, 39. Cobalt Bronze, 39.
NICKEL. - Nickel and its Ores, 39. Preparation of Nickel from its Ores, 40. The Coneentration - Smelting of the Nickel Ores, 40. Preparation of Metallic Nickel, or of Alloys of Nickel and Copper, 41. Properties of Nickel, 43 -
COPPER. - Where it Occurs, and How, 43. Ores of Copper, 43. Mode of Treating the Copper Ores for the Purpose of Extracting the Metal, 44. The Working - up of the Copper Ores in the Shaft Furnace, 44. Refining the Copper, 46. Refining on the Hearth, 46. Refining Copper in Large Quantities, 46. Liquation Process, 47. English Mode of Copper Smelting, 47. Calcining or Roasting the Ores, 48. Smelting the Ores, 48. Roasting or Calcining the Coarse Metal, 49. Smelting for White Metal, 49. Blistered or Crude Copper, 49. Refining the Blistered Metal, 4g. Mode of Obtaining Copper from Oxidised Ores, 49. Hydro - Metallurgical Method of Prepa - ring Copper, 49. Copper obtained by Voltaic Electricity, 50. Properties of Copper, 50. Alloys of Copper, 51. Bronze, 51. Brass, 52. German or Nickel Silver, 53. Amalgam of Copper, 54.
PREPARATIONS of COPPER, - Blue Vitriol, Sulphate of Copper, S4, Preparation of Blue Vitriol, 54. Double Vitriol, 55. Applications of Blue Vitriol, 56. Copper Pigments, 56. Brunswick Green, 56. Bremen Blue or Bremen Green, 56. Casselmann's Green, 57, Mineral Green and Blue, 57. Oil Blue, 57. Schweinfurt Green or Emerald Green, 58. Stannate of Oxide of Copper., 58. Verdigris, 58. Applications of Verdigris, 5g.
LEAD. - Occurrence of Lead, 5g. Method • of Obtaining Lead by Precipitation, 59. Obtaining Lead by Calcination, 6o. Raw Lead, 61. Revivification of Litharge, 6r, Properties of Lead, 62. Applications of Metallic Lead, 62. Manufacture of Shot, 62. Alloys of Lead, 62.
PREPARATIONS OF LEAD. - Oxide of Lead, 63. Massicot, 63. Minium, Red - lead, 63. Superoxide of Lead, 64. Combinations of Oxide of Lead, 64. Acetate of Lead, 64. Chromate of Lead, 64. Neutral or Yellow Chromate of Potassa, 64. Applications of the Chromates of Potassa, 65. Chrome Yellow or Chromate of Lead, 66. Chrome Red, 66. Chrome Oxide or Chrome Green, 67. Chrome Alum, 67. White - lead, 67. English Method of Manufacturing White - lead, 68. French Method of Preparing White - lead, 6g. Apparatus used in White - lead Manufacture at Clichy, 6g. White - lead from Sulphate of Lead, 70. Theory of Preparing White - lead, 70. White - lead from Chloride of Lead, 70. Basic Chloride of Lead as a Substitute for White - lead, 71. Properties of White - lead, 71. Adulteration of White - lead, 72. Applications of White - lead, 72.
TIN. - Occurrence and Mode of Obtaining the Metal, 73. Properties of Tin, 74, Tinning, 75. Tinning of Copper, Brass, and Malleable Iron, 75. Tinned Sheet - iron, 75. Moire Metallique, 75.
PREPARATIONS OF TIN. - Aurum Musivum, Mosaic Gold, 75. Tinsalt, 75. Nitrate of Tin or Physic, 76. Stannate of Soda, 76.
BISMUTH. - Occurrence and Mode of Obtaining, 76. Bismuth Liquation - Furnace, 76. Properties of Bismuth, 77. Applications of Bismuth, 77.
ZINC. - Occurrence of Zinc, 77. Method of Extracting Zinc, 77. Distillation of Zinc in Muffles, 78. Distillation in Tubes, 7g. Distillation of Zinc in Crucibles, 7g. Mode of Obtaining Zinc from Sulphuret of Zinc, the Black - Jack of the English Miners, 7g. Properties of Zinc, 79. Application of Zinc, 80.
PREPARATIONS OF ZINC. - Zinc - white, 80. White Vitriol, Sulphate of Zinc, 81. Chromate of Zinc, 81. Chloride of Zinc, 8I.
CADMIUM, 82.
ANTIMONY. - Antimony, 82. Properties of Antimony, 84.
ANTIMONIAL PREPARATIONS: IN TECHNICAL USE, - Oxide of Antimony, 84. Black Sulphuret of Antimony, 85. Neapolitan Yellow, 85. Antimony Cinnabar, 85.
ARSENIC. - Arsenic, 85. Arsenious Acid, 85. Arsenic Acid, 86. Sulphurcts of Arsenic, 86. Realgar, 87. Orpiment, 87. Rusma, 87.
QUICKSILVER OR MERCURY. - Occurrence and Mode of Obtaining Mercury, 87. Method of Extracting Mercury pursued in Idria, 87. Spanish Method of Extracting Mercury, 8g. Method of Decomposing the Ore by the Aid of other Substances, go. Properties of Mercury, gi. Applications of Mercury, gi.
PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. - Mercurial Compounds, 91, Chloride of Mercury, gI. Cinnabar, 91. Fulminating Mercury, 92. Percussion - Caps, g3.
PLATINUM. - Occurrence of Platinum, 93. Platinum Ores, 93. Wollaston's Method of Extracting Platinum from its Ores, 94. Method of Deville and Debray, 95. Properties of Platinum, 95. Black Platinum, Spongy Platinum, 95. Hammered or Cast Platinum, and its Applications, 95. Platinum Alloys, 96. Elayl - platino - chloride, 96.
SILVER: - Silver and its Occurrence, g6. Extraction of Silver from its Ores, 96. Smelting for Silver directly, 97. Extraction of Silver by Amalgamation, 97. European Amalgamation Process, 97. American Amalgamation Process, 98. Augustin's Method of Silver Extraction, 99. Ziervogel's Method, 99. Sundry Hydro - Metallur - gical Methods of Extracting Silver, 99. Extraction of Silver by the Dry Process, Ioo. Mode of Preparing the Lead - containing Silver, 100. Refining Process, 100. Pattinson's Method, 101. Reduction by Means of Zinc, 102. The Ultimate Refining of Silver, 102. Chemically Pure Silver, 102. Properties of Silver, 102. Alloys of Silver, 103. Silver Alloy for Plate, &c., 103. Silver Assay, 103. Dry Assay, 103. Wet Assay, 104. Hydrostatical Assay, 104. Silvering, 104. Igneous or Fire Silvering, 104. Silvering in the Cold, 104. Silvering by the Wet Way, 106. Nitrate of Silver, 105. Marking Ink, 105.
GOLD. - Occurrence and Mode of Extracting Gold, 105. Mode of Extracting Gold, 105. Extraction by Means of Mercury, io6. Smelting for Gold, 106. Treating with Alkali, 106. Extraction of Gold from other Metallic Ores, 106. Extraction of - Gold from Poor Minerals, 106. Refining Gold, 106. By Means of Sulphuret of Antimony, 106. By the Aid of Sulphur, 107. Cementation Process, 107. Quartation, 107. Refining Gold by the Aid of Sulphuric Acid, 107. Chemically Pure Gold, 108. Properties of Gold, 108. Alloys of Gold, 109. Colour of Gold, 109. Testing the Fineness of Gold, 109. Applications of Gold, 100. Gilding, 110. Gilding with Gold - leaf, 110. Gilding by the Cold Process, 110. Gilding by the Wet Way, I10. Fire - gilding, 110. Cassius's Purple, 111. Salts of Gold, 111.
MANGANESE AND ITS PREPARATIONS. - Manganese, 111. Testing the Quality of Manganese, III.
PERMANGANATE OF POTASSA. - Permanganate of Potassa, 112.
ALUMINIUIM. - Preparation of Aluminium, 113. Properties of Alulpinium, 113. Applications, 114.
MAGNESIUM. - Magnesium, I14.
ELECTRO - METALLURGY. - Application of Galvanism, II4. Electrolytic Law, 114. Electrotyping, 115. Reproduction of Copper - plate Engravings, 115. Deposition of Metals, I15. Electro - plating with Gold and Silver, 115. Gold Solution, 116. Silver Solu - tion, I16. Copper Solution, 116. Zinc and Tin Solution, 116. Etching by Galvanism, 117. Metallochromy, 117. Electro - stereotyping, II'. Glyphography, 117. Galvanography, 117.

DIVISION II.
CRUDE MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS OF CHEMICAL INDUUSTRY.

CARBONATE of POTASSA. - Sources whence Potassa is Derived, I18. Potassa Salts from' the Stassfurt Salt Minerals, 118. Mode of Obtaining Potassa from Felspar, 122. Potassa Salts from Sea - water, 122. Potash from the Ashes of Plants, 122. Potash from Molasses, 125. Potassa Salts from Sea - weeds, 129. Potassa Salts from Suint, 132. Caustic Potassa, 133.
SALTPETRE, NITRATE OF POTASSA. - Saltpetre, 134. Occurrence of Native Saltpetre, 134• Mode of Obtaining Saltpetre, 135. Treatment of the Ripe Saltpetre Earth, 135. Preparation of Raw Lye, 136. Breaking up the Raw Lye, 136. Boiling down the Raw Lye, 136. Refining the Crude Saltpetre, 137. Preparation of Nitrate of Potassa from Chili Saltpetre, 138. Testing the Saltpetre, 140. Quantitative Estimation of the Nitric Acid in Saltpetre, 140. Uses of Saltpetre, 141. Nitrate of Soda, 141.
NITRIC ACID. - Methods of Manufacturing Nitric Acid, 142. Bleaching Nitric Acid, 143. Condensation of the Nitric Acid,144.. Other Methods of Nitric Acid Manufacture, 145. Density of Nitric Acid, 146. Fuming Nitric Acid, 147. Uses of Nitric Acid, 147.
TECHNOLOGY OF THE EXPLOSIVE COMPOUNDS - GUNPOWDER, AND THE CHEMISTRY OF FIREWORKS, OR PYROTECHNY. - On Gunpowder in General, 148. Manufacture of Gunpowder, 148. Mechanical Operations of Powder Manufacture, 149. Pulverising the Ingredients, 149. Mixing the Ingredients, i4g. Caking or Pressing the Powder, 150. Granulation of the Cake and Sorting the Powder, 150. Polishing the Granulated Powder, 150. Prying the Powder, 151. Sifting the Dust from the Powder, I5I. Properties of Gunpowder, 151. Composition of Gunpowder, 152. Products of the Combustion of Powder, 153. New Kinds of Blasting Powder, 154. Testing the Strength of Gunpowder, 154. White Gunpowder, 154. Chemical Principles of Pyrotechny, 155. The more commonly used Firework Mixtures, 156. Gunpowder, 156. Saltpetre and Sulphur Mixture, 156. Grey - coloured Mixture, 156. Chlorate of Potassa Mixtures, 156. Friction Mixtures, Percussion Powders, 156. Mixture for Igniting the Cartridges of Needle - guns, 157. Heat - producing Mixtures, 157. Coloured Fires, 157.
NITROGLYCERINE. - Nitroglycerine, 158. Nobel's Dynamite, 16o.
GUNCOTTON. - Guncotton, 160. Properties of Gun - cotton, 161. Gun - cotton as a Substitute for Gunpowder, 162. Other Uses of Gun - cotton, 162. Collodion, 162.
COMMON SALT. - Occurrence, 163. Method of Preparing Common Salt from Sea - water, 163. Method of Obtaining Common Salt in Salines, 164. By Freezing, i6. By Artificial Evaporation, 165. Rock - salt, 165. Mode of Working Rock - salt, 167. Mode of Working Salt Springs, 167. Preparation of Common Salt from Brine, 168. Concentrating the Brine, 168. Enriching by Gradation, 168. Faggot Gradation, 168. Boiling down the Brine, 168. Properties of Common Salt, 169. Uses of Common Salt, 170.
MANUFACTURE of SODA - NATIVE SODA. - Occurrence of Native Soda, 170.
SODA FROM PLANTS OR SODA - ASH. - Soda from Soda Plants and from Beet - root, I7I.
SODA PREPARED BY CHEMICAL PROCESSES. - Soda from Chemical Processes,172. Leblanc's Process, 172. Sulphate or Decomposing Furnace, 172. New Decomposition Furnace, 173. Conversion of the Sulphate into Crude Soda, 174. Soda Furnace with Rotatory Hearth, 175. Lixiviation of the Crude Soda, 176. Evaporation of the Ley, i So. Theory of Leblanc's Process, 183. Utilisation of Soda Waste, 184. Schaffner's Sulphur Regeneration Process, 185. Sundry Methods of Preparing Soda from Sulphate of Soda, 187. Direct Conversion of Common Salt into Soda, 188. Soda, from Cryolite, i88. Soda from Nitrate of Soda, 189. Caustic Soda, 189. New Methods of Caustic Soda Manufacture, 189. Bicarbonate of Soda, 190.
PREPARATION OF IODINE AND BROMINE. - Preparation of Iodine, Ig 1. Preparation from Kelp, Igr. Stanford and Moride's Method of Preparing Iodine from Carbonised Seaweed, 192. Preparation of Iodine from Chili Saltpetre, 192. Properties and Uses of Iodine, 193. Preparation of Bromine, 193.
SULPHUR. - Sulphur, 194. Smelting and Refining Sulphur, 194. Lamy's Refining Apparatus, 196. Roll Sulphur, 197. Flowers of Sulphur, 197. Preparation of Sulphur from Pyrites, 197. Preparation of Sulphur by Roasting Copper Pyrites, 198. Sulphur obtained as a By - product of Gas Manufacture, 198. Sulphur from Soda - Waste, 198. Production of Sulphur by the Reaction of Sulphuretted Hydrogen upon Sulphurous Acid, 198. Sulphur obtained by the Reaction of Sulphurous Acid on Charcoal, 198. By Heating of Sulphuretted Hydrogen, 198. Properties and Uses of Sulphur, 199.
SULPHUROUS AND HYPOSULPHUROUS ACID. - Sulphurous Acid, igg. Sulphite of Lime, 201. Hyposulphite of Soda, 201.
MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID. - Sulphuric Acid, 20I. Fuming Sulphuric Acid, 202. Ordinary or English Sulphuric Acid, 203. Present Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, 203. Use of Pyrites for the Preparation of Sulphurous Acid, 206. Chamber Acid, 206. Concentration of Sulphuric Acid, 206. Concentration in Leaden Pans, 207. Concentration in Glass Retorts, 208. Other Methods of Sulphuric Acid Manufacture, 208. Properties of Sulphuric Acid, 209.
SULPHIDE OF CARBON. - Sulphide of Carbon, 210. Carbon, 211. Chloride of Sulphur, 211.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND GLAUBER'S SALT, OR SULPHATE OF SODA. - Hydrochloric Acid, 21I. Properties of Hydrochloric Acid, 213. Uses of Hydrochloric Acid, 213. Glauber's Salt, 213. Uses of Sulphate of Soda, 214. Bisulphate of Soda, 214.
BLEACHING - POWDER AND HYP0CHL0RITE5. - Chlorine, 214. preparation of Bleaching - powder, 214. Preparation of Chlorine without Manganese, 214. Apparatus for Preparing Chlorine, 216. Condensing Apparatus, 217. Utilization of the Chlorine Production Residues, 218. Dunlop's Process, 218. Gatty's Process, 2Ig. Hofmann's Process, 219. Weldon's Process, 219. Other Methods of Utilising the Residues, 219. Theory of the Formation of Bleaching - powder, 220. Properties of Bleaching - powder, 220. Chlorimetry, 221. Gay - Lussac's Chlorimetric Method, 221. Perrot's Test, 221. Dr. Wagner's Method, 222. Chlorimetrical Degrees, 222. Alkaline Hypochlorites, 223. Chlorate of Potassa, 223.
ALKALIMETRY. - Alkalimetry, 224. Volumetric Method, 224. Mohr's Method, 225. Gruneberg's Method of Estimating the Value of Potash, 226.
AMMONIA AND AMMONIACAL SALTS. - Ammonia, 226. Preparation of Liquid Ammonia, 227. Inorganic Sources of Ammonia, 228. Organic Sources of Ammonia, 229. Ammonia from Gas - water, 230. Mallet's Apparatus, 230. Rose's Apparatus, 232. Lunge's Apparatus, 232. Ammonia from Lant, 234. Ammonia from Bones, 235. Ammonia as a Byproduct of Beetroot Sugar Manufacture, 236. Technically Important Ammoniacal Salts, 236. Sulphate of Ammonia, 238. Carbonate of Ammonia, 238. Nitrate of Ammonia, 238.
SOAP MAKING. - Soap, 239. Raw Materials of Soap Boiling, 239. Ley, 242. Theory of Saponification, 242. Chief Varieties of Soap, 243. Olive Oil Soap, 244. Oleic Acid Soap, 245. Resin Tallow Soaps, 245. Fulling Soaps, 245. Soft Soap, 246. Various other Soaps, 247. Toilet Soaps, 247. Transparent Soap, 248. Uses of Soap, 248. Soap Tests, 248. Insoluble Soap, 249.
BORIC OR BORACIC ACID, AND BORAX. - Theory of the Formation of the Native Boracic Acid, 250. The Production of Boracic Acid, 250. Properties and Uses of Boracic Acid, 251. Borax, 252. Borax from Boracic Acid, 252. Purifying the Borax, 254. Octahedral Borax, 255. Uses of Borax, 255. Diamond Boron or Adamantine, 256.
PRODUCTION OF ALUM, SULPHATES OF ALUMINA, AND ALUMINATES. - Alum, 256. Material of Alum Manufacture, 256. Preparation of Alum from Alum - stone, 257. Preparation of Alum from Alum - shale and Alum - earths, 257. Alum - shale, 257. Alum - earths, 257. Preparation of Alum, 257. Roasting the Alum - earths, 257. Lixiviation, 257. Evaporation of the Ley, 257. Alum Flour, 238. Washing and Re - crystallisation, 258. Preparation of Alum from Clay, 258. Preparation of Alum from Cryolite, 258, Preparation of Alum from Bauxite, 259. Preparation of Alum from Blast - furnace Slag, 260. Alum from Felspar, 260. Properties of Alum, 260. Ammonia - alum, 260. Soda~alum, 261. Sulphate of Alumina, 261. Alurninate of Soda, 262. Uses of Alum and of Sulphate of Alumina, 263. Acetate of Alumina, 263.
ULTRAMARINE. - Ultramarine, 264. Native Ultramarine, 264. Artificial Ultramarine, 264. Raw Materials, 264. ' Manufacture of Ultramarine, 265. Preparation of Soda Ultramarine, 266. Preparation of Silica Ultramarine, 267. Constitution of Ultramarine, 267. Properties of Ultramarine, 267.

DIVISION III.
TECHNOLOGY OF GLASS, CERAMIC WARE, GYPSUM, LATE, AND MORTAR,
GLASS MANUFACTURE. - Definition and General Properties of Glass, 268. Classification of the Various Kinds of Glass, 268. Raw Materials used in Glass Making, 269. Utilization of Refuse Glass, 270. Bleaching, 270. The Melting Vessel, 270. The Glass Oven, 2711. Preparation of the Material, and Melting, 274. Drying the Materials, 274. Melting the Glass Material, 275. Clear - melting, 275. Cold - stoking, 275. Defects in Glass, 276. Various Kinds of Glass, 276. Plate or Window Glass, 276. Tools, 277. Crown Glass, 277. Sheet Glass or Cylinder Glass - , 278. Plate Glass, 279. The Melting and Clearing, 280. Casting and Cooling, 281. Polishing, 281. Silvering, 281. Silvering by Precipitation, 281. Platinising, 282. Bottle Glass, 282. Pressed and Cast - glass, 283. Water - glass, 283. Stereochromy, 285. Crystal Glass, 285. Polishing, 286. Optical Glass, 286. Strass, 288. Coloured Glass and Glass Staining, 289. Glass Painting, 289. Enamel, Bone Glass, Alabaster Glass, 290. Cryolite Glass, 29. Ice Glass, 291. Humatinon Astralite, 291. Aven - turin Glass, 291. Glass Relief, 291. Filigree, or Reticulated Glass, 292. Millifiore Work, 292. Glass Pearls, 292. Blown Pearls, 292.. Hyalography, 2g2.
CERAMIC OR EARTHENWARE MANUFACTURE. - Clays and their Application - Felspar, 293. Kaolin or Porcelain Clay, 293. The Technically Important Qualities of the Clays, 293. Colour, 294. Plasticity, 294. Kinds of Clay, 294. Potter's Clay, 295. Walkerite, 295. Marl, 295. Loam, 296. Composition of Kaolin, 296. Kinds of Clay Ware, 296.
I. HARD PORCELAIN. - Grinding and Mixing the Material, 297. Drying the Mass, 298. Kneading the Dried Mass, 298. The Moulding, 298. The Potter's Wheel, 298. Moulding in Plaster - of - Paris Forms, 299. Casting, 299. Preparation of Porcelain Articles without Moulds, 299. Glazing, 299. Drying the Porcelain, 299. Porcelain Glaze, 3100. Applying the Glaze, 300. Immersion, 300. Dusting, 300. Watering, 300. By Volatilisation or Smearing, 300. Lustres and Flowering Colours, 301. The Capsule or Sagger, 301. The Porcelain Oven, 301. Emptying the Oven and Sorting the Ware, 302, Faulty Ware, 302, Porcelain Painting, 302. Ornamenting the Porcelain, 303. Bright Gilding, 303. Silvering and Platinising, 303. Lithophanie, 303.
II. TENDER PORCELAIN. - French Fritte Porcelain, 304. English Fritte Porcelain, 304. Parian and Carrara, 304.
III. STONEWARE. - Stoneware, 305. Stoneware Ovens, 306. Lacquered Ware, 307.
IV. FAYENCE WARE. - Fayence Ware, 307. Ornamenting Fayence, 308. Flowing Colours, 309. Lustres, 309. Etruscan Vases, 309. Clay Pipes, 309. Water Coolers, 309.
V. COMMON POTTERY. - Common Pottery, 31o. Burning, 310.
VI. BRICK AND TILE MAKING, &c. - Bricks, 31o. Terra Cotta, 311. Brick Material, 311. Preparation of the Clays, 31 I. Moulding the Brick, 312. Brick Moulding by Machinery, 312. Bricks from Dried Clay, 314. The Burning of the Bricks, 315. Annular Kilns, 317. Field Burning, 318. Dutch Clinkers, 318. Roofing and Dutch Tiles, 318. Drain and Gutter Tiles, 318. Floating Bricks, 318. Fire - bricks, 319. Sanitary Ware, 321. Crucibles, 321.
LIME AND LIME - BURNING. - Line, 322. Properties, 322. Lime - Burning, 322. Occasional or Periodic Kilns, 323. The Continuous Kilns, 324. Kilns for Burning Lime and Bricks, 325. Properties of Lime, 325. Slaking Lime, 326. Uses of Lime, 326_
MORTAR. - Mortar, 326.
A. COMMON OR AIR - SETTING MORTAR. - Setting of the Mortar, 327.
B. HYDRAULIC MORTAR. - Hydraulic Mortar, 327. Cement, 327. Artificial Cements, 328. Manufacture of Artificial Cement in Germany, 330. The Setting of Hydraulic Mortars, 331.
GYPSUM AND ITS PREPARATION. - Occurrence, 333. Nature of Gypsum, 333. The Burning of Gypsum, 333. Kilns or Burning Ovens, 334. Grinding the Gypsum, 335• Uses of Gypsum, 335. Gypsum Casts, 336. Hardening of Gypsum, 336.

DIVISION IV.
VEGETABLE FIBRES AND THEIR TECHNICAL APPLICATION.
THE TECHNOLOGY OF VEGETABLE FIBRE - FLAX. - Flax, 338. Hot Water Cleansing, 339. Beating or Batting the Flax, 339. Combing the Flax, 340. Tow or Tangled Fibre, 340. Flax Spinning, 340. Weaving the Linen Threads, 340. Linen, 340.
HEMP. - Hemp, 340. Its Substitutes, 340.
COTTON. - Cotton, 342. Species of Cotton, 342. Cotton Spinning, 342. Fine Spinning, 343. Yarn, 343. Cotton Fabrics, 343. Substitutes for Cotton, 343. Detecting Cotton in Linen Fabrics, 343.
PAPER MAKING. - History of Paper, 345. Materials of Paper Manufacture, 346. Substitute for Rags, 346. Mineral Additions to the Rags, 346. Manufacture of Paper by Hand, 346. Cutting and Cleaning the Rags, 347. The Separation of the Rags for Half - stuff and Whole - stuff, 347. Stamp Machine, 347. The Hollander, 347. Bleaching the Pulp, 349. Antichlore, 349. Blueing, 350. Sizing, 350.
A. HAND PAPER. - Straining the Paper Sheets, 350. Pressing the Paper, 351. Drying the Paper, 351. Sizing the Paper, 331, Preparing the Paper, 351. The Different Kinds of Paper, 351.
B. MACHINE PAPER. - Manufacture of Machine Paper, 352. Paper Cutting Machine, 353.
C. PASTEBOARD AND OTHER PAPER. - Making Pasteboard, 353. Coloured Paper, 355. Parchment Paper, 355,
STARCH. - ~ - Nature of Starch, 356. Sources of Starch, 357. Starch from Potatoes, 357. Drying the Potato Starch, 358. Preparation of Wheat Starch, 358. Constituents and Uses of Commercial Starch, 360. Rice Starch, Chesnut Starch, Cassava Starch, Arrow - root, 360. Sago, 361. Dextrine, 361.
SUGAR MANUFACTURE. - History of Sugar, 362. Nature of Sugar, 362.
CANE SUGAR. - Sugar from the Sugar - cane, 364. Components of the Sugar - cane, 364. Preparing the Raw Sugar from the Sugar - cane, 365. Varieties of Sugar, 366. Molasses, 366. Refining the Sugar, 366. Production of Raw Sugar, 367.
BEET - ROOT SUGAR. - Its Nature, 367. Species of Beet, 367. Chemical Constituents of the Beet, 368. Saccharimetry, 369. Mechanical Method, 369. Chemical Method, 369. Ferment Test, 370. Physical Method, 370, Preparation of Sugar from the Beet, 370. The Residue, 372. Components of the Juice, 373. Other Methods of De - Liming the Juice, 374. Purifying with Baryta, 374. The Filter, 375• Dumont's Filter, 375. Evaporation Pans, 375. Vacuum Pans, 377. Evaporating the Juice, 380. Draining the Crystals, 381. The Centrifugal Drier, 381. Removing the Sugar from the Form, 381. Beet Molasses, 382. Sugar - candy, 382.
GRAPE SUGAR. - Grape Sugar, 383. Preparation of Grape Sugar, 384. Composition of Starch Sugar, 386. Uses of Grape Sugar, 386.
FERMENTATION. - Fermentation, 386. Vinous Fermentation, 387. Yeast, 387. Conditions of Alcoholic or Vinous Fermentation, 389.
WINE - MAKING. - Wine, 39o. The Vine and its Cultivation, 390. Vintage, 39o. The Pressing of the Grapes, 391. The Centrifugal Machine, 391. Chemical Constituents of the Must, 391. The Sugar of the Grape, 392. The Fermentation of the Grape Juice, 393. Drawing Off and Casking the Wine, 393. Constituents of Wine, 393. Maladies of Wines, 396. Ageing and Conservation of Wines, 397. Clearing or Fining the Wine, 399. The Residue or Waste of Wine Making, 399. Effervescing Wines, 399. The Improving of the Wine Must, 401.
BEER - BREWING. - Beer, 403. Materials of Beer - Brewing, 403. Hops, 404, Quality of the Hops, 404. Substitutes for Hops, 405. Water, 405. The Ferment, 405. The Process of Beer Brewing, 405. The Malting, 405. The Bruising of the Malt, 408. Mashing, 408. Decoction Method, 409. Thick Mash Boiling, 409. Augsburg Method, 410. Infusion Method, 41o. Extractives of the Wort, 411. Boiling the Wort, 411. Adding the Hops, 412. Cooling the Wort, 413. The Fermentation, 414. Sedimentary Fermentation, 415. After - Fermentation in the Casks, 416. Surface - Fermentation, 417. Steam - Brewing, 418. Constituents of Beer, 418. Beer - Testing, 420. Balling's Saccharometrical Beer Test, 420. Fuchs's Beer Test, 422. By - products of the Brewing Process, 423.
PREPARATION OR DISTILLATION OF SPIRITS. - Alcohol, 424. Alcohol and its Technically Important Properties, 424. Raw Materials of Spirit Manufacture, 425.
A. PREPARATION OF A VINOUS MASH. - Vinous Mash from Cereals, 426. The Bruising, 426. The Mixing with Water, 426. The Cooling of the Mash, 426. The Fermentation of the Mash, 427. Mash from Potatoes, 427. Mash with Sulphuric Acid, 428. The Fermentation of the Potato Mash, 429. Mash from Roots, 429. Spirits from the By - products of Sugar Manufacture, 430. Spirits from Wine and Marc, 430.
B. DISTILLATION OF THE VINOUS MASH. - Distillation of the Mash, 431. The Distilling Apparatus, 432. Improved Distilling Apparatus, 432. Dorn's Apparatus, 433• Pis - torius's Apparatus, 435. Gall's Apparatus, 435. Schwarz's Apparatus, 436. Siemens's Apparatus, 44o. Continuous Distilling Apparatus, 440. Tangier's Apparatus, 443 • Removing the Fusel Oils - Defuseling, 445. Yield of Alcohol, 446. Alcoholometry, 447. Areometer, 447. Relation of Brandy Distilling to Agriculture, 448. The Residue or Wash, 448. Dry Yeast, 449. So - called Artificial Yeast, 450. Vienna Yeast, 450. Duty on Spirits, 451.
BREAD BAKING. - Modes of Bread Making, 451. The Details of Bread Baking, 451. The Mixing of the Dough and the Kneading, 452. Kneading, 452. Kneading Machines, 453. The Oven, 454. Substitutes for the Ferments, 456. Yield of Bread, 459. Composition of Bread, 459. Impurities and Adulteration of Bread, 460.
THE MANUFACTURE OF VINEGAR. - Vinegar and its Origin, 460.
A. PREPARATION OF VINEGAR FROM ALCOHOLIC FLUIDS. - Vinegar from Alcohol, 461. Phenomena of Vinegar Formation, 462. The Older Method of Vinegar Making, 462. Quick Vinegar Making, 463. Vinegar from Sugar - beet, 466. Vinegar with the help of Mycoderma Aceti, 466. Vinegar with the help of Platinum Black, 467. Testing Vinegar, 467. Acetometry, 468.
B. PREPARATION OF VINEGAR FROM WOOD VINEGAR. - Wood Vinegar, 469. Purifying Wood Vinegar, 471. Wood Spirit, 472.
THE PRESERVATION OF WOOD. - On the Durability of Wood in General, 472. Preservation of Wood in Particular, 474. Drying Wood, 474. Elimination of the Constituents of the Sap, 474. Air Drains, 475. Chemical Alteration of the Constituents of the Sap, 475. Mineralising Wood, 476. Boucherie's Method of Impregnation, 477.
TOBACCO. - Tobacco, 477. Chemical Composition of the Tobacco Leaf, 478. Manufacture of Tobacco, 478. Smoking Tobacco, 479. Snuff, 480.
TECHNOLOGY OF ESSENTIAL OILS AND RESINS. - Essential Oils and Resins, 480. Preparation of Essential Oils, 481. Preparation of Essential Oils by Pressure, 481. Extraction of Essential Oils by Means of Fatty Oils, 481. Properties and Uses of Essential Oils, 481. Perfumery, 482. Chemical Perfumes, 482. Preparation of Cordials, 482. Resins, 483. Use of Resins as Sealing - wax, 483. Asphalte, 484. Caoutchouc, 484. Solvents of Caoutchouc, 485. Properties and Use of India - rubber, 486. Vulcanised Caoutchouc, 486. Production and Consumption of Caoutchouc, 486. Gutta - percha, 486. Solvents of Gutta - percha, 487. Uses of Gutta - percha, 487. Mixture of Gutta - percha and Caoutchouc, 488. Varnishes, 488. Oil Varnishes, 488. Gold Size, 489. Printing Ink, 489. Oil Varnishes, 489. Spirit Varnish, 489. Coloured Spirit Varnishes, 490. Turpentine Oil, Varnishes, 490. Polishing the Dried Varnish, 490. Pettenkofer's Process for Restoring Pictures, 490.
CEMENTS, LUTES, AND PUTTY. - Cements, 491. Lime Cements, 491. Oil Cements, 491. Resin Cements, 492. Iron Cement, 493. Paste, 493.

DIVISION V.
ANIMAL SUBSTANCES AND THEIR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION.

WOOLLEN INDUSTRY. - Origin and Properties of Wool, 494. Chemical Composition of Wool, 495. Properties of Wool, 497. Colour and Gloss, 497. Preparation of Wool, 497. Wr of Spinning, 498. I. Washing, 498. H. Dyeing, 498. III. Willowing or Devilling, 498. Oiling or Greasing, 498. V. The Carding, 498. VI. Roving, 499. Artificial Wool, 4g9. Weaving the Cloth, 4gg. Washing and Milling the Bough Cloth, 499, Teasling and Shearing the Cloth, 499. Dressing the Cloth, 499. Other Cloth Fabrics, 500. Worsted Wool, 500.
SILK. - Silk, 501. Sericiculture - Varieties of Silkworms, 50I. Manipulation of the Silk, 503. The Throwing of Silk, 504. Conditioning or Testing of Silk, 504. Scouring or Boiling the Gum out of Silk, 5o4. Weaving of Silk, 505. Means of Distinguishing Silk from Wool and from Vegetable Fibre, 506.
TANNING. - Tanning, 508. Anatomy of Animal Skin, 508.
I. RED - OR BARK TANNING. - Tanning Materials, 509. Oak Bark, 509. Sumac, 510. Dividivi, 511. Nut Galls, 511. Valonia Nuts, 511. Chinese Galls, 511. ' Cutch, 512. Kino, 512. Estimation of the Value of the Tanning Materials, 512. The Skins, 513. The Several Operations, 513. Cleansing the Hides, 514. Cleansing the Flesh Side, 514. Cleansing the Hair Side, 514. Stripping off the Hair, 515. Swelling the Hides, 515. The Tanning, 516. Tanning in the Bark, 516. Tanning in Liquor, 517. Quick Tanning, 517. Dressing or Currying the Leather, 518. Sole Leather, 518. Upper Leather, 518. The Paring, 518. The Scraping or Smoothing, 518. Graining the Leather, 519. Polishing with Pumice - stone, 519. Raising the Grain slightly with Pommels of Cork, 519. Smoothing with Tawer's Softening Iron, 519. Rolling, 51g. Finishing Off, Sig. Greasing, 519. Yufts, Russia Leather, 520. Morocco Leather, 520. Dressing Morocco Leather, 521. Cordwain, Cordovan Leather, 521. Lacquered Leather, 521.
II. TAWING. - Tawing, Preparation of White Leather, 522. Common Pawing, 522. Hungarian Tawing Process, 524. Glove Leather, 524. Knapp's Leather, 525.
III. SAMIAN OR OIL - TAwING PROCEss. - Samian Tawing Process, 525. Parchment, 527. Shagreen, 527.
GLUE BOILING. - General Observations, 528. Leather Glue, 529. Treating with Lime, 529. Boiling the Materials, 530. Fractioued Boiling, 530. Moulding, 53i. Drying the Glue, 531. Glue from Bones, 532. Liquid Glue, 533. Test for the Quality of Glue 533. Isinglass, 535. Substitutes for Glue, and New Preparations obtained from Glue, 536.
MANUFACTURE of PHOSPHORUS. - General Properties, 537. Preparation of Phosphorus, 537. Burning of the Bones to Ash, 538. Decomposition of the Bone - ash by Sulphuric Acid, 538. Distillation of Phosphorus, 539. Refining and Purifying the Phosphorus, 540. Moulding the Refined Phosphorus, 541. Other Proposed Methods of Preparing Phosphorus, 543. Fleck's Process, 543. Gentele, Gerland, Minary, and Soudry's Methods of Preparing Phosphorus, 544. Properties of Phosphorus, Amorphous or or Red Phosphorus, 545. Properties of Amorphous Phosphorus, 546.
REQUISITES FOR PRODUCING FIRE. - Generalities and History, 546. Manufacture of Lucifer Matches, 548. The Preparation of the Wood Splints, 548. The Preparation of the Combustible Composition, 549. Dipping and Drying the Splints, 550. Anti - Phosphor Matches, 552. Wax or Vesta Matches, 553.
ANIMAL CHARCOAL. - Animal Charcoal, 553. Preparation of Bone - black, 553. Properties of Bone - black, 554. Testing Bone - black, 554. Revivification (re - burning) of Charcoal, 555. Substitutes for Bone - black, 555.
MILK. - Milk, 556. Whey, 557. Lactose, Sugar of Milk, 557. Means to Prevent Milk becoming Sour, 557. Testing Milk, 557. Uses of Milk, 558. Butter, 558. Chemical Nature of Butter, 559. Cheese, 5~9.
MEAT. - Generalities, 562. Constituents of Meat, 562. The Cooking of Meat, 563. The Boiling of Meat, 564. Preservation of Meat, 564. Preservation of Meat by withdrawal of Water, 565. Salting Meat, 565. Smoking or Curing Meat, 566.

DIVISION VI.
DYEING AND CALICO PRINTING.

ON DYEING AND PRINTING IN GENERAL. - Dyeing and Printing in Gefieral, 568. Dyes, 568. Lake Pigments, 569. Colouring Materials, 56g. The Coal - Tar Colours : Coal - Tar, 569. Benzol, 570. Nitro - benzol, 572. Aniline, 573.
I. ANILINE COLOURS. - Aniline Colours, 575. Aniline Red, 575. Aniline Violet, 577• Anilne Blue, 578. Aniline Green, 578. Aniline Yellow, 579. Aniline Orange, 579. Aniline Black, 579. Aniline Brown, 579.
II. CARBOLIC ACID COLOURS. - Carbolic Acid Dyes, 580. Picric Acid, 580. Phenicienne, 581. Grenate Brown, 581. Coralline, 581. Azuline, 581. Pigment Directly from Nitro - benzol, 581.
III. NAPHTHALINE PIGMENTS. - Naphthaline, 581. Martius Yellow, 582. Magdala Red, 583• Naphthaline Blue and Naphthaline Violet, 583.
IV. ANTHRACEN PIGMENTS. - Anthracen Pigments, 584.
V. PIGMENTS FROM CINCHONINE. - Cinchoine Pigments, 585.
RED PIGMENTS OCCURRING IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS. - Red Dye Materials - Madder,586. Madder Lake, 587. Flowers of Madder, 587. Azale, 587. Garancine, 587. Garau - ceux, 587. Colorine, 588. Brazil or Camvood, 588. Sandal Wood, 588. Safflower, 589. Cochenille or Cochineal, 589. Lac Dye, S90. Orchil and Persio, 590. Less Important Red Dyes, 591.
BLUE DYE MATERIALS. - Indigo, 591. Properties of Indigo, 592. Testing Indigo, 592, Berzelius's Indigo Test by Reduction, 593. Penny's Test, 593. Indigo Blue, 594Logwood or Campeachy, 594. Litmus, 594.
YELLOW DYES. - Yellow - wood, Fustic, 5g5. Young Fustic, French Fustet, 595. Annatto or Arnotto, 595. Yellow Berries or Simply Berries, 596. Turmeric, 596. Weld, 596. Quercitron Bark, 596. Brown, Green, and Black Dyes, 596.
BLEACHING. - Bleaching, 597. Bleaching of Silk, 69g.
DYEING of SPUN YARN AND WOVEN TEXTILE FABRICS. - Dyeing, 599. Mordants, 601. Dyeing Woollen Fabrics, 6oi. Dyeing Wool Blue, 6oi. Indigo Blue, 602. Blue Vats, 602. Saxony Blue, 603. Recovering Indigo from Rags, 604. Berlin or Prussian Blue on Wool, 604. Dyeing Blue with Logwood and a Copper Salt, 604. Dyeing Yellow, 604. Dyeing Wool Red, 605. Green Dyes, 605. Mixed Shades, 605. Black Dyes, 605. White Cloth, 606. Silk Dyeing, 606. Calico Dyeing, 6o8. Turkey Red, 608. Dyeing Linen, 609.
THE PRINTING OF WOVEN FABRICS. - Printing of Woven Fabrics, 6og. Mordants, 6og. Thickenings, 61o. Resists, or Reserves, 61o. Discharges, 611. Acid Discharges, 611. Oxidising Agents as Discharges, 611. Reducing Agents as Discharges, 611. Calico Printing, 612. Topical or Surface Colours, 613. Discharge Style, 614. Aniline Printing, 614. Hotpressing, Finishing, and Dressing, 616. Printing Linen Goods, 616. Printing Woollen Goods, 616. Printing Silk Goods, 616. Mandarin Printing, 616. Bandanas. 616.

DIVISION VII.
THE MATERIALS AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING ARTIFICIAL LIGHT.

ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION IN GENERAL, 617. Flame, 618.
I. ARTIFICIAL LIGHT FROM CANDLES. - Light from Candles, 620. Manufacture of Stearine Candles, 621. Preparation of Fatty Acids by Means of Lime, 621. Saponification with Less Lime, 623. Saponification by Means of Sulphuric Acid, 624. Saponification with Water and High Pressure, 626. Manufacture of Fatty Acids by Means of Superheated Steam and Subsequent Distillation, 627. Candle Making, 627. Moulding the Candles, 628. Tallow Candles, 629. Paraffin Candles, 630. Candles from Fatty Acids, 631. Wax Candles, 631. Other Kinds of Wax, 632. The Making of Wax Candles, 633. Sperm or Spermaceti Candles, 634. Glycerine, 634•
II. ILLUMINATION DY MEANS OF LAMPS. - Illumination with Fluid Substances, 636. Purifying or Refining the Oils, 636. Lamps, 636. Various Kinds of Lamps, 639. Suction Lamps, 639. The Lamp with Constant Oil Level, 640. Pressure Lamps, 641. \ Mechanical Lamps, 642. Clockwork Lamp, 642. Moderateur or Moderator Lamp, 642. Petroleum Oil and Paraffin Oil Lamps, 644.
III. GAS. - General Introduction and Historical Notes,, 645. Raw Materials of Gas Lighting, 646. Coal - Gas, 646. Products of the Distillation, 647. Manufacture of Coal - Gas, 648. Retorts, 648. Mouth - piece and Lid of retorts, 649. Retort Furnaces, 650. Charging the Retorts and Distillation, 630. The Hydraulic Main, 65o. Cooling or Condensing Apparatus, 652. The Scrubber, 653. Exhauster, 654. Purifying Gas, 654. Gas Holders, 656. Distribution of Gas, 66o. Hydraulic Valve, 661. Pressure Regulator, 661. Testing Illuminating Gas, 661. Methods of Testing Illuminating Gas, 662. Gas Meters, 664. Burners, 665. Gas Lamps, 666. By - Products of Coal - Gas Manufacture, 665. Composition of Coal - Gas, 668. Wood Gas, 668. Method of Wood Gas Manufacture, 669. Wood Gas. Burners, 670. Peat Gas, 670. Water Gas, 671. Gillard's Gas, Platinum Gas, 672. Carburetted Water Gas, 672. White's Hydrocarbon Process, 673. Leprince's Water Gas, Isoard's Gas, 674.. Baldamus and Grune's Gas, 674. Carburetted Gas, 674. Air Gas, 674. Oil Gas, Resin Gas, 674. Gas from Suint, 675. Gas from Petroleum Oil, or Oil from Bituminous Shales, 675. Petroleum Gas, 676. Resin Gas, 678. Lime - Light, 678. Tessie du Motay's Method of Illumination, 679. Magnesium Light, 679. Chatham Light, 680. Electric Light, 680.
PARAFFIN AND SOLAR OR PETROLEUM OILS. - Paraffin Oils, 683. Manufacture of Paraffin, 683. Preparation of Paraffin from Petroleum, 684. Paraffin from Ozokerite and Neftgil, 684. Paraffin from Bitumen, 685. Preparation of Paraffin by Dry Distillation, 685. Preparation of the Tar, 685. Condensation of the Vapours of the Tar, 686. Properties of Tar, 687. Mode of Operating with the Tar, 688. Distillation of the Tax, 688. Treatment of the Products of Distillation, 689. Rectification of the Crude Oils, 689. Refining of the Crude Paraffin, 690. Hubner's Method of Preparing Paraffin, 690. Yield of Paraffin, 691. Brown - coal, 69i. Properties of Paraffin, 692. Paraffin Oil, 693. Preparation of Mineral Oil, 694.
PETROLEUM. - Petroleum Oil and its Occurrences, 695. Origin and Formation of Petro. leum, 695. Refining of Crude Petroleum, 696. Constitution of Petroleum, 696. Technology of Petroleum, 697.

DIVISION VIII.
FUEL AND HEATING APPARATUS.

A. FUEL. - Fuel, 698. Combustibility, 698. Inflammability, 698. Calorific Effect, 698. Determination of Combustive Power, 6gg. Karmarsch's Evaporation Method, 699. Berthier's Reduction Method, 700. Elementary Analysis, 700. Stromeyer's Test, 701. Pyrometrical Calorific Test, 701. Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, 702.
WOOD. - Wood, 702. Constituents of Wood, 703. Heating Value of Wood, 704. Wood Charcoal, 704. Carbonisation of Wood, 705. Carbonisation in Heaps, 705. Construction of the Heap, 705. Charcoal Burning, 706. Carbonisation in Beds, 706. Carbonisation in Ovens or Kilns, 706. Carbonisation of Wood in Ovens, 708. Properties of Charcoal, 710. Composition of Wood Charcoal, 711. Combustibility and Heating Effect, 711. Charbon - Roux; Torrified Charcoal, 711 - Roasted Wood; Bois - Roux, 712.
PEAT - Peat, 712. Drying Peat, 713. Heating Effect of Peat, 715. New Method of Utilising Peat, 715.
CARBONISED PEAT. - Carbonised Peat, 715.
BROWN - COAL. - Brown - coal, 716. Brown - coal as Fuel, 717.
PIT COAL, OR COAL. - Coal, 717. Accessory Constituents of Coal, 718. Classification of Coals, 718. Anthracite, 719. Caking Coal, 719. Calorific Effect, 721. Evaporative Effect of Coals, 721. Boghead Coal, 722.
PETROLEUM AS FUEL. - Petroleum as Fuel, 722.
COKE - Coke, 723. Coking in Heaps, 724. Coking in Ovens, 724. Properties of Coke, 729. Composition of Coke and its Value as Fuel, 729.
ARTIFICIAL FUEL. - Artificial Fuel, 729. Peras, 729. Briquettes, 730.
GASEOUS FUEL. - Gaseous Fuel, 730. Gas for Heating Purposes, 731.
HEATING APPARATUS. - Warming, 731.
HEATING DWELLING HOUSES. - Heating Dwelling Houses, 732. Direct Heating, 732. Chimney Heating, 733. Stove Heating, 733. Iron Stoves, 734. Fire - clay Stoves, 734. Compound ' Stoves, 735. Air Heating, 737. Calorifiers. 738. Flue Heating, 739. Hot Water .Heating, 739. Heating with Steam, 740. Combination of Steam and Hot Water Heating, 740. Gas Heating, 740. Heating without Ordinary Fuel, 741.
BOILER HEATING AND CONSUMPTION OF S1uo , - Boiler Heating, 740. Smoke Consuming Apparatus, 741. Step Grate, 742. Etage, or Stage Grate, 743. Movable Grate, 743. Chain Grates, 743. Rotating Grate, 744. Improved Fuel Supply, 744. Pult Fires, 744. Vogl's Grate, 744. Boquillon's Grate, 744. Apparatus of Cutler and George, 744. Apparatus with Unequal Distribution, 744• Consumption of Smoke by the Aid of Collateral Air Currents, 745. Gall's Fireplace, 745. Resume, 745.


INDEX

ACETATE of alumina, 263
Acetate of lead, 64
ACETATE OF Acetometry, 468
Adamantine or diamond-boron, 256
Adulteration of white-lead, 72
Aerostatical lamps, 641
Air drains, 475
Air gas, 674
Alabaster glass, 290
Albumen glue, 536
Alkali for treating gold, 106
Alcohol, 424
Alcohol, and its technically important properties, 424
Alcohol, vinegar from, 461
Alcoholometry, 447
Alizarine, 584
Alkalimetry, 224
Alloys and preparations made and obtained from metals, 4
Alloys of copper, 51
Alloys of gold, 109
Alloys of lead, 62
Alloys of nickel and copper, 41
Alloys of silver, 103
Alloys of platinum, 96
Aloe hemp, 341
Alpaca wool, 495
Alum and sulpbate of alumina, uses of, 263
Alum and earths, 257
Alum and roasting, 257
Alum flour, 258
Alum from Bauxite., 259
Alum from blast furnace slag, 260
Alum from felspar, 260
Alum manufacture, material of, 256
Alum preparation, 257
Alum preparation from alum-stone, 257
Alum preparation from clay, 258
Alum preparation from alum-shale and alum earths, 257
Alum preparation from cryolite, 258
Alum production, 256
Alum properties of, 260
Alum shale, 257
Alum work, preparation of green vitriol as a by-product in, 32
Alumina acetate, 263 — sulphate of, 261
Aluminate of soda, 262
Alluminates, 256
Aluminum, applications of, 114
Aluminum, preparations, 113
Aluminum, properties of, 113
Amalgamation, extraction of silver by 97
Amalgamation, process, American, 98
Amalgamation, process, European, 97
American amalgamation process, 98
Ammonia-alum, 260
Ammonia and ammoniacal salts, 226
Ammonia as a by-product of beetroot sugar manufacture, 236
Ammonia carbonate, 238
Ammonia from bones, 235
Ammonia from gas-water, 230
Ammonia from lant, 234
Ammonia inorganic sources of, 228
Ammonia nitrate, 238
Ammonia preparation of liquid, 227
Ammonia sulphate, 238
Ammoniacal liquor, 666
Ammoniacal salts, technically important, 236
Amorphous phosphorus, 545
Ananas hemp, 341
Aniline, 573
Aniline, black, 579
Aniline, blue, 578
Aniline, brown, 579
Aniline, colours, 575
Aniline, green, 578
Aniline, orange, 579
Aniline, printing, 614
Aniline, red, 575
Aniline, violet, 577
Aniline, yellow, 579
Annatto or arnotto, 595
Annealing, 20
Annular kilns, 317
Anthracen pigments, 584
Antbrachinon, 584
Anthracite, 719
Antichlor, 349
Antimonial preparations in technical use, 84
Antimony, 82
Antimony, black sulphuret of, 85
Antimony, cinnabar, 85
Antimony, oxide, 14
Antimony, properties of, 84
Antimony, sulphuret for refining gold,106
Apparatus for consuming smoke, 741.
Apparatus for distilling, 432
Apparatus for heating, 731
Areometer, 447
Areometer, to test milk, 558
Arrow-root starch, 360
Arsenic, 85
Arsenic acid, 86
Arsenic, red, or realgar, 87
Arsenic, sulphurets, 86
Arsenic, yellow sulphuret, 87
Arsenious acid 85
Artificial illumination, 617
Asphalte, 484
Assay, dry, 103
Assay, hydrostatical, 104
Assay, of silver, 103
Assay, wet,104
Augsburg method of mash-boiling, 410
AUGUSTIN'S method of silver extraction, 99
Aurum musivum, mosaic gold, 75
Aventurin glass, 291
Azale, 587
Azaleine, 575
Azuline, 578, 581
Azurine, 578
BALDAMUS and GRUNE'S gas, 674
BALLING's saccharometrical beer test, 420
Bandanas, 616
Bar iron, 20
Bar iron, properties of, 26
Bark of oak, 509
Bark or red tanning, 509
Bauxite, preparation of alum from, 259
Beer brewing, 403
Beer, materials, 403
Beer, constituents of, 418
Beer, processes of brewing, 405
Beer, testing, 420
Beer, wort fermentation, 405, 414
Beet, chemical constituents of, 368
Beet, molasses, 382
Beet, species of, 367
Beet, washing and cleansing, 371
Beet-root juice, components of, 373
Beet-root juice, evaporating, 380
Beet-root juice, filtration through animal charcoal and evaporation of. 374
Beet-root, separating the juice from, 371
Beet-root, soda from, 171
Beet-root, sugar, 367
Beet-root, manufactory, ammonia as a byproduct of, 236
Bell metal, 51
Benzol, 570
Berlin blue, 36
Berlin blue soluble, 37
Berlin or Prussian blue on wool, 604
BERTHIER's reduction method, 700
BEREELIUS'S indigo test, 593
Bessemer steel 27
Bicarbonate of soda, 190
Bismuth, applications of, 77
Bismuth, occurrence and mode of obtaining, 76
Bismuth, properties of, 77
Bisulphate of soda, 214
Bitumen, paraffin from, 685
Black jack, mode of obtaining zinc froth, 79
Black platinum, 95
Black suphuret of antimony, 85
Blast, blowing engine and, 12
Blast-furnace, chemical process going on in the interior of, 13
Blast-furnace, description of, 11
Blast-furnace, gases, 15
Blast-furnace, process, 10
Blast-furnace, temperature of at different points, 15
Blasting powder, new kinds, 154
Bleaching. 597
Bleaching glass, 270
Bleaching-powder and hypochlorites, 214
Bleaching-powder, preparation, 214
Bleaching-powder, properties of, 220
Bleaching-powder, theory of the formation of, 220
Blistered metal, refining, 49
Blowing engine and blast, 12
Blue vats, 602
Blue vitriol, 54
Blue vitriol, applications of, 56
Bogbead coal, 722
Bohemian crystal glass, 268
Boiler heating, 740
Boiler plate, rolling, 24
Bois roux, roasted wood, 712
Bombay hemp, 341
Bone-ash decomposition by sulphuric acid, 538
Bone-black preparation, 553
Bone-black properties, 554
Bone-black substitutes, 555
Bones, ammonia from, 235
Bones, glue from, 532
BOQUILLON'S grate, 744
BOUCHERIE'S method of mineralising wood, 477
Boracic acid, formation, 250
Boracic acid, production, 250
Boracic acid, properties and uses, 251
Borax, 252
Borax, from boracic acid, 252
Borax, octahedral, 255
Borax, purifying, 254
Borax, uses of, 255
Boric or boracic acid and borax, 249
Brandy distilling, relation of to agriculture, 448
Brazil or camwood, 588
Brass, 52
Brass, tinning of. 75
Bread baking, 451
Bread, composition of, 459
Bread, impurities and adulteration, 460
Bread, making, modes of, 451
Bread, oven, 454
Bremen blue, 56
Bremen green, 56
Brewing by steam, 418
Brewing beer, 403
Brewing process, by products of, 423
Brick material 311
Brick mouldng, 312
Bricks, 310
Bricks, and lime kilns for burning, 325
Bricks, field burning of, 318
Bricks, fire, 319
Bricks, floating, 318
Bricks, from dried clay, 314
Bricks, the burning of, 315
Brine, boiling down, 168
Brine, common salt from, 168
Brine, concentrating 168
Briquettes, 730
Bromine preparation, 193 Bronze, 51
Brown coal, 691, 716
Brunswick-green, 56
Buckthorn dyers, 596
Burners for wood gas, 670
Burning of the bricks, 315
Butter, 558
— chemical nature of, 559
CADMIUM, 82
Caking coal, 719
Calcining or roasting the ores, 48
Calcium-scrap 249
Calico dyeing 608
Calico printing, 612
Calico printing, discharges 611
Calico printing, resists or reserves, 610
Calico printing, thickenings, 610
Caloriferes, 738
Calorific effect, 698
Campeachy, 594
Camwood or Brazil, 588
Candle making, 627
Candles from fatty acids, 631
Candles, light tram, 620
Candles, moulding 628, 633
Candles, paraffin, 630
Candles, sperm, 634
Candles, srearine. 621
Candles, tallow, 629
Candles, wax, 631
Cane-sugar, 364
Caoutcboue, 484
Caoutchone, and gutta-percha, mixture of, 488
Caoutchone, production and consumption of, 486
Caoutchone, solvents of, 485
Caoutchone, vulcanized, 486
Capsule, in saggcr, 301
Carbolic acid dyes, 580
Carbon, 211
Carbon imparting to wrought-iron, for steel-making, 28
Carbon sulphide, 210
Carbonate of ammonia, 238
Carbonate of potassa, 118, 121
Carbonised peat, 715
Cardboard, 354
Carinthian cast-steel, 27
Carmine-red, 589
Carrara and Parian, 304
Cartridges of needle-guns, mixture for igniting, 157
Cassava starch, 360
Casein as a cement, 562
Casein as glue, 536
Cashmere. 500
Cashmere wool, 495
Casselmann's green, 57
Cassius's purple, 111
Cast-iron, 16
Cast-iron, crude, re-melting, 18
Cast-iron, enamelling, 20
Cast-iron, grey. 16
Cast-iron, white, 16
Cast-steel, 29
Caustic potassa, 133
Caustic soda, 189
Cement, artificial, manufacture in Germany, 330
Cements, 327
Cements, artificial, 328
Cements, lutes and putty, 491
Cementation process, 107
Centrifugal drier, 381
Centrifugal machine, 391
Ceramic or earthenware manufacture, 293
Cereals, vinous mash from, 426
Chair grate, 743
Chamber acid, 206
Charbon roux, tori fled charcoal, 711
Charcoal, animal, 553
Charcoal, animal, Berlin blue as a by-product in manufacture of, 37
Charcoal, burning, 706
Charcoal, combustibility and heating effect, 7-11
Charcoal, properties of, 710
Charcoal, revivification of, 555
Charcoal, sulphur obtained by the reaction of sulphurous acid on, 198
Charcoal, torrified, or charbon roux, 711
Charcoal, wood, 7U4
Chatham Fight, 680
Cheese, 559.
Chemical me+allurgy, 4
Chestnut starch, 360
Chili-saltpetre, iodine from, 192
Chili-saltpetre, preparation of nitrate of potassa from, 138
Chimney heating, 733
Chinese galls, 511
China grass, 340
Chlorate of potassa, 223
Chloride of sulphur, 211
Chloride of zinc, 81
Chloride of potassium, 119
Chlorine, 214
Chlorine, apparatus for preparing, 216
Chlorine, condensing apparatus, 217
Chlorine, preparation without manganese, 215
Chlorine, production residues, utilization, 218
Chlorine, residues, other methods of utilising, 219
Chlorometry, 221
Chlorometrical degrees, 222
Chromate of lead, 64, 66
Chromate of zinc, 81
Chromates of potassa, applications of, 65
Chrome-alum, 67
Chrome, oxide or chrome green, 67
Chrome, red, 66
Chrome, yellow, 66
Cinchonine pigments, 585
Cinnabar, 91
Clay, kinds of, 294
Clay, pipes, 309
Clay, preparation of alum from, 258
Clay, preparation of, for brick-making, 311
Clay, ware, dense, 296
Clay, ware, kinds ot, 296
Clay, ware, porous, 297
Clays and their application, 293
Clays, colour of, 294
Clays, plasticity of, 294
Clays, technically important qualities of, 293
Clinkers, Dutch, 318
Cloth, bough, washing and milling, 499
Cloth, dressing, 499
Cloth, fabrics, 500
Cloth, teasling and shearing, 499
Cloth, white, 606
Cloth, weaving, 499
Coal, 717
Coal, Boghead,722
Coal, brown, 716
Coal, caking, 719
Coal, accessory constituents of, 718
Coal-tar. 666
Coal-tar colours. 569
Coal-gas, 646
Coal-gas, Berlin blue as a by-product in manufacture of, 37
Coal-gas, composition of, 668
Coal-gas, manufacture of, 648
Coal-gas, manufacture, by-products of, 665
Coals, calorific effect, 721
Coals, classification of, 718
Coals, evaporative effect of, 721
Cobalt and potassa, nitrate of protoxide of, 39
Cobalt, bronze, 39
Cobalt, colours, 37
Cobalt, green, 39
Cobalt, metallic, 37
Cobalt, protoxide, chemically pure, 39
Cobalt, speiss, 38
Cobalt, ultramarine, 38
Caeruleum, 39
Cochenille, or cochineal, 589
Cocoa-nut fibre, 341
Cocoon, killing of the pupa in, 503
Coke, 665, 723
Coke, composition and value as fuel, 729
Coke, properties of, 729
Coking in heaps, 724
Coking in ovens, 724
Collodion, 162
Colorine, 588
Coloured fires, 157
Colours, aniline, 575
Colours, coal-tar, 569
Colours, topical, or surface, 613
Coln, oil, 637
Common pottery, 310
Coolers for water, 309
Copper, 43
Copper alloys, 51
Copper, amalgam, 54
Copper and nickel alloys, 41
Copper, blistered or crude, 49
Copper from oxidised ores, 49
Copper hydrometallurgical method of preparing, 49
Copper, ores, treating of for extraction, 44
Copper, pigments, 56
Copper, preparations of, 54
Copper, properties of, 50
Copper, refining, 46
Copper, smelting, English mode, 47
Copper, solution for electro-plating, 116
Copper, stannate of oxide of, 58
Copper, sulphate, 54
Copper, tinning of, 75
Copper-plate engravings, reproduction, 115
Copperas, 31
Coralline, 581
Cordwain, Cordovan leather, 521
Cordials, preparatic,n of, 482
Cork pommels to raise the grain of leather, 519
Cotton, 342
Cotton, combing or carding, 342
Cotton, detection in linen fabrics, 343
Cotton, fabrics, 343
Cotton, species, 342
Cotton, spinning, 342
Cotton, substitutes, 343
Crucibles, 321
Crucibles, distillation of zinc in, 79
Crude iron, statistics concerning the production of, 18
Cryolite, decomposition of by ignition with carbonate of lime, 259
Cryolite, decomposition of with caustic lime by the wet way, 259
Cryolite, glass, 291
Cryolite, preparation of alum from, 258
Cryolite, soda from, 188
Crystal-glass, 285
Cupola, or shaft furnace, 18
Cutch, 512
Cyanide of potassium, 35
DAMASCENE, 30
Decoction method of preparing the wort, 409
Decomposition furnace, new, 173
Defuseling, 445
De-liming, or saturating the juice with carbonic acid, 373
de-liming, the juice, other methods, 374
DEVILLE AND DEBRAY's method of extracting platinum, 95
Dextrine, 361
Diamond boron, or adamantine, 256
Dina bricks, 321
Discharge style, 614
Discharges, calico printing, 611
Distillation of the mash, 431
Distillery apparatus, 432
Distillery apparatus, continuous, 440
Dividivi, 511
Dorn's apparatus, 433
Drain tiles, 318
DUMONT S filter, 375
DUNLOP'S process, 218
Dutch clinkers, 318
Dutch tiles, 318
Dye-materials, blue, 591
Dye-materials, red, 586
Dyeing and printing in general, 56
Dying blue, and with logwood and a copper salt, 604
Dying calico, 608
Dying linen, 609
Dying spun yarn and woven textile fabrics, 599
Dying silk, 606
Dying wool blue, 601
Dying wool red, 605
Dying woollen fabrics, 601
Dying yellow, 604
Dyes, 568
Dyes, black, 605
Dyes, brown, green, and black, 596
Dyes, carbolic acid, 580
Dyes, green, 605
Dyes, red, less important, 591
Dyes, yellow, 595
Dynamite, NOBEL'S, 160
EFFERVESCING wines, 399
Eiayl platino-chloride, 96
Electric light, 680
Electro-metallurgy, 114
Electro-plating with gold and silver, 115
Elec~ro-stereotyping, 117
Electrolytic law, 114
Electrotyping, 115
Emerald green, 58
Enamel, bone glass, 290
Enamelling of cast-iron, 20
Engraving steel, 31
Etage or stage grate, 742
Etching by galvanism, 117
Etruscan vases, 309
European amalgamation process, 97
Explosive compounds, technology of, 148
FAGGOT gradation, 168
Fatty acida, candles from, 631
Fatty acids, manufacture, 627
Fayence ware, 307
Fayence ware, flowing colours, 309
Fayence ware, ornamenting, 308
Felspar, 293
Felspar, mode of obtaining potassa from, 122
Fermentation, 386
Fermentation, after, in the casks, 416
Fermentation, alcoholic or vinous, conditions of, 389
Fermentation, of the grape juice, 393
Fermentation, of the potato mash, 429
Fermentation, of the beer wort, 414
Fermentation, of the mash, 427
Fermentation, sedimentary, 415
Fermentation, surface, 417
Ferments, substitutes for, 456
Fibre vegetable, technology of, 338
Filter for beet-root juice, 375
Fire-bricks, 319
Fire-clay stoves, 734
Fire-gilding, 110
Fireplace gulls, 745
Fire, requisites for producing, 546
Firework mixtures, commonly used,156
Fireworks, chemistry of, 148
Fireworks, chlorate of potassa mixture, 156
Fireworks, friction mixtures, 156
Fireworks, grey-coloured mixtures for, 156
Flame, 618
Flannel, 500
Flax, 338
Flax, combing, 340
Flax, beating or batting, 339
Flax, hot-water cleansing, 339
Flax, spinning, 340
Flaxes from New Zealand, 341
FLECK'S process of preparing phosphorus, 543
Floating bricks, 318
Flowers of sulphur, 197
Flue beating, 739
Franklinite, 9
Frieze, 500
Fritte porcelain, French, 304
Fritte porcelain, English, 304
Fuchs's beer test, 422
Fuchsin, 575
Fuel artificial, 729
Fuel and heating apparatus, 698
Fuel, brown coal as, 717
Fuel, combustibility of, 698
Fuel, determination of combustive power, 699
Fuel, elementary analysis, 700
Fuel, inflammability of, 698
Fuel, gaseous, 730
Fuel, petroleum as, 722
Fuel, pyrometrical calorific effect, 701
Fuel, specific calorific effect, 701
Fuel, supply improved, 744
Fuel, Stromeyer's test, 701
Fuel, value of coke as, 729
Fulling soaps, 245
Fulminating mercury, 92
Furnace, cupola or shaft, 18
Furnace, reverberatory, 18
Furnace, working copper ores in, 44
Fustic, yellow dye 595
Fusel oils, removing, 445
GALACTOSCOPE to test milk, 558
Gall-nut, 511
GALL'S npparaf us, 435
GALL'S fireplace. 745
Galvanism, application of, 114
Galvanism, etching by, 117
Galvanography, 117
Galena, 59
Garancire 587
Garanceux, 587
Gas, BALDAMUS and GRUNE'S, 674
Gas, burner... 665
Gas, carburetted, 674
Gas, charging the retorts and distillation, 650
Gas, cooling or condensing apparatus, 652
Gas, distribution of, 660
Gas, exhauster, 654
Gas, general introduction and historical notes, 645
Gas, beating 740
Gas, GILLARD S platinum, 672
Gas, for heating purposes, 731
Gas, for illumine.ting testing, 661
Gas, from peat, 670
Gas, from petroleum, 676
Gas, from petroleum oil, or oil from bituminous shales, 675
Gas, from suint, 675
Gas, from wood, 668
Gas, holders, 656
Gas, hydraulic valve, 661
Gas, ISOARD'S 674
Gas, ligbting, raw materials of, 646
Gas, lime, 667
Gas, manufacture, sulphur as a by-product, 198
Gas, meters, 664
Gas, oil, resin, 674
Gas, pressure regulator, 661
Gas, products of the distillation, 647
Gas, purifying, 654
Gas, retorts, 648
Gas, the scrnbhtr, 653
Gas-water, 671
Gas-water, ammonia from, 230
Gaseous fuel, 730
Gases, blast-furnace, 15
Gasses, heating with, 24
GATTY'S process, 219
GAY-LUSSAC s chlorometric method, 221
GENTELE's method of preparing phosphorus, 544
GEULAND'S method of preparing phosphorus, 544
German iron refining process, 21
German silver, 53
Germination of the softened grain, 406
Gilding, 110
Gilding, by the cold process, 110
Gilding, by the wet way, 110
Gilding, porcelain, bright, 303
GILLARD'S gas, 672
Glass, aluminium-calcium alkali, 269
Glass, aveniurin. 291
Glass, bleaching 270
Glass, bottle, 282
Glass, classification of the various kinds, 268
Glass, clear melting, 275
Glass, cold stoking, 275
Glass,- coloured, and glass staining, 289
Glass, crown, 277
Glass, cryolite, 291
Glass, crystal, 285
Glass, defects in, 276
Glass, definition and general properties of, 268
Glass, filigree or reticulated, 292
Glass, ice, 291
Glass, making, raw materials, 269
Glass, material melting, 275
Glass, melting and clearing, 280
Glass, optical, 286
Glass, oven, 271
Glass, painting, 289
Glass, pearls, 292
Glass, plate, 279
Glass, plate, casting and cooling, 281
Glass, plate, or window. 276
Glass,_plate, polishing, 281
Glass, platinising, 282
Glass, potassium-calcium, 268
Glass, potassium-lead, 269
Glass, preparation of the material and melting, 274
Glass, pressed and cut, 283
Glass, refuse, utilization, 270
Glass, relief, 291
Glass, sheet or cylinder, 278
Glass, silvering, 281
Glass, by precipitation, 281
Glass, sodium-calcium, 268
Glass, technology of, 268
INDEX. VI
Glass, the melting vessel, 270
Glass, tools for, 277
Glass, various kinds, 276
Glass, water, 283
GLAUBER'S Salt, 213
Glue boiling, 528
Glue drying, 531
Glue from bones, 532
Glue from leather, 529
Glue liquid, 533
Glue substitutes for, 536
Glue test for quality of, 533
treating with lime, 529
Gluten gluey, 536
Glycerine, 634
Glyphography, 117
Gold alloys, 109
Gold, applications of, 110
Gold, chemically pure, 108
Gold, colour of, 1.09
Gold, arid silver, electro-plating with, 115
Gold, extraction from other metallic ores, 106
Gold, extraction from poor materials, 106
Gold, leaf for gilding, 110
Gold, mode of extracting, 105
Gold, mode of rextraeting by means of mercury, 106
Gold, mosaic, 75
Gold, occurrence and mode of extracting, 105
Gold, properties of, 108
Gold, refining, 106
Gold, salts,ill
Gold, size, 489
Gold, smelting for, 106
Gold, solution for electro-plating, 116
Gold, testing the fineness of, 109
Gold, treating with alkali, 106
Grain germinated drying, 407
Grape-juice fermentation, 393
Grape-sugar, 383
Grape-sugar, preparation, 384
Grape-sugar, uses of, 386
Grapes, pressing, 391
Grate, BOQUILLON'S, 744
Grate, chain, 743
Grate, etage or stage, 743
Grate, rotating, 744
Grate, step, 742
Grate, VOGL'S 744
Grates, movatole, 743
Green vitriol, 31
Green vitriol, preparation of, as a by-product in alum works, 32
Grenate brown, 581
GRUNEBEIIG'S method of estimating the value of potash, 226
Gun-cotton, 160
Gun-cotton, as a substitute for gunpowder,162
Gun-cotton, other uses, 162
Gun-cotton, properties of, 161
Gun-metal, 51
Gunpowder, 148, 156
Gunpowder, caking or pressing, 150
Gunpowder, composition, 152
Gunpowder, drying, 151
Gunpowder, granulated, polishing, 150
Gunpowder, granulation of the cake, and sorting the powder, 150
Gunpowder, manufacture, 148
Gunpowder, mecbanica! operations. 149
Gunpowder, mixing the ingredients, 149
Gunpowder, products of combustion of, 153
Gunpowder, properties of, 151
Gunpowder, pulverising the ingredients, 149
Gunpowder, sifting the dust from, 151
Gunpowder, testing strength of, 154
Gunpowder, white, 154
Gutta-percha and caoutchouc, mixture of, 488
Gutta-percha, solvent, 487
Gutta-percha, uses of, 487
Gutter tiles, 318
Gypsum, 333
Gypsum, casts, 336
Gypsum, grinding, 335
Gypsum, hardening of, 336
Gypsum, kilns or burning ovens for, 334
Gypsum, nature of, 333
Gypsum, uses of 335
HABANA brown, 580
Hamatinon atralite, 291
Harmatite iron ore, 8
Heat, mechanical equivalent of, 702
Heating apparatus, 731
Heating, by flues, 739
Heating, by hot air, 737
Heating, by hot water, 739
Heating, direct, 732
Heating, dwelling-houses, 732
Heating, with gases, 24
Heating, with steam, 740
Heating, without ordinary fuel, 740
Heaton steel, 28
Hemp, 340
Hemp substitutes, 340
Hides, cleansing, 514
Hides, swelling, 515
Hides, stripping off the hair, 515
Hides, HOFMANN S process, 219
Hollander mill, 347
Hops, 404
Hops, adding, 412
Hops, quality of, 404
Hops, substitutes for, 405
Hot-pressing, finishing, and dressing 616
Houses, heating, 732
Hungarian Cawing process, 524
Hyalography, 292
Hydraulic main for gas, 650
Hydraulic mortar, 327
Hydraulic valve, 661
Hydrocarbon process (WHITE'S) water-gas, 673
Hydrochloric acid, 211
Hydrochloric acid, properties of, 213
Hydrochloric acid,, uses of, 213
Hypochlorites alkaline, 223
Hyposulphite of soda, 201
Hyposulphurous acid, 199
ICE-GLASS, 291
Illumination, artificial in general, 617
Illumination, TESSIE PU MOTAY'S method, 679
Illumination, with lamps, 636
India-rubber, preparation and use of, 486
Indigo, 591
Indigo, properties, 592
Indigo, recovery from rags, 604
Indigo, testing, 592
Indigo-blue, 594, 602
Ink for marking, 105
Ink, printing, 489
Iodine from carbonized sea-weed 192
Iodine from Chili-saltpetre, 192
Iodine preparation, 191
Iodine properties and uses of, 193
Iron, 8
Iron, cast, 16
Iron, cement, 493
Iron, crude 16
Iron, extraction, 9
Iron, extraction process, theory of, 10
Iron, foundry work, 18
Iron, malleable, tinning of, 75
Iron, metallic, green vitriol from, 32
Iron, minium, 32
Iron, ore hoematite, 8
Iron, ore magnetic, 8
Iron, ore marsh, 9
Iron, ore pea, 9
Iron, ore spathose, 8
Iron, refining by mechanical means, 24
Iron, refining, German, 21
Iron, refining, Swedish, 22
Iron, sheet, tinned, 75
Iron, stones, 734
Iron, wire manufacture, 25
Isinglass, 535
ISOARD'S gas, 674
JUTE, 341
KAOLIN, 293
KABMABSCH'S evaporation method, 699
Kelp, 130
Kelp, preparation of iodine from, 191
Kilns, annular, 317
Kilns for for burning lime and bricks, 325
Kilns for gypsum, 334
Kilns for lime, continuous, 324
Kilns for line occasional or periodic, 323
Kino, 512
Knapps leather, 525
Kneading machines, 453
LAC dye,590
Lacquered leather, 521
Lactose, sugar of milk, 557
Lake pigments, 568
Laming mixture, 667
Lamp with constant oil level, 640 Lamps, 636
Lamp, for illumination, 636
Lamp, petrolium oil and paraffin oil, 644
Lamp, pressure, 641
Lamp, statical, mechanical, clockwork, moderator, 642
Lamp, suction, 639
Lamp, various kinds, 639
LAMY'S refining apparatus for sulphur, 196
LANGIER's apparatus, 443
Lant, ammonia from, 234
Lead acetate, 64
Lead, alloys, 62
Lead, basic chloride of as a substitute for white-lead, 71
Lead, chloride, white-lead from, 71
Lead, chromate, 64, 66
Lead, containing silver, mode of pre. paring, 100
Lead, metallic, applications of, 62
Lead, obtained by calcination, 60
Lead, obtained by precipitation, 59
Lead, occurrence of, 59
Lead, oxide, 63
Lead, oxide, combinations of, 64
Lead, preparations of, 63
Lead, properties of, 62
Lead, sulphate, white-lead from, 70
Lead, peroxide, 64
Leaden pans, concentration in, 207
Leather, cordwain, Cordovan, 521
Leather, dressing or currying, 518
Leather, finishing, 519
Leather, for gloves, 524
Leather, glue, 529
Leather, graining, 519
Leather, greasing, 519
Leather, KNAPP s process, 525
Leather, lacquered, 521
Leather, morocco, 520, 521
Leather, polishing with pumice-stone, 519
Leather, preparation of white, 522
Leather, Russia, 520
Leather, sole, 518
Leather, the paring, 518
Leather, the scraping or smoothing, upper, 518
Leblanc's process, theory of, 183
LEPRINCE'S water-gas, 674
Ley, 242
Ley, — evaporation of, 180, 257
Light, materials and apparatus for producing artificial, 617
Lime and bricks, kilns for burning, 325
Lime, and lime-burning, 322
Lime, cements, 491
Lime, light, 678
Lime, preparation of fatty acids by means of, 621
Lime, properties of, 322, 225
Lime, slaking, 326
Lime, sulphite of, 201
Lime, treating glue with, 529
Lime, uses of, 326
Linen-dyeing, 609
Linen fabrics, detection of cotton in, 343
Linen goods printing, 616
Litharge, 63
Litharge, revivification of, 61
Lithophanie, 303
Litmus, 594
Liquation process, 47
Liquid glue, 533
Lixiviation, 2.37
Loam, 296
Logwood, 594
Loxwood and a copper salt to dye blue, 604
London board, 354
Lucifer matches manufacture, 548
LUNGE's apparatus, 232
Lustres, 309
Lye, raw, breaking up of, 136
Lye, raw, boiling down, 136
Lye, raw, treatment of, 136
MACHINE for paper-cutting, 353
Machine paper, 352
Machines for moulding bricks, 312
Madder, 586
Madder, flowers of, 587
Madder, lake, 587
Magdala red, 583
Magenta, 575
Magnesium, 114
Magnesium light, 679
Magnetic iron ore, 8
Malachite, 43
Malleable, bar, or wrought iron, 20
MALLET'S apparatus, 230
Malt, the bruising of, 408
Malting, 405
Mandarin printing, 616
Manilla hemp. 341
Manganese and its preparations, III
Manganese, soap, 249
Manganese, testing the quality of, 111
Marking ink, 105
Marl, 295
Marsh iron ore, 9
Martin steel, 28
1artius yellow, 582
Mash boiling thick, 409
Mash, distillation of, 431
Mash, from potatoes, 427
Mash, from roots, 429
Mash, with sulphuric acid, 428
Mashing, 408
Masicot, 63
Matches anti-phosphor, 552
Matches, lucifer, manufacture of, 548
Matches, wax or vests, 553
Mauve, 575
Meat, constituents of, 562
Meat, the cooking of, 563
Meat, generalities, 562
Meat, preservation of, 564
Meat, salting 565
Meat, smoking or curing, 566
Meat, the boiling of, 564
Meerschaum pipes, artificial, 337
Mercurial compounds, 91
Mercuric chloride, 91
Mercury, applications of, 91
Mercury, extracting by Spanish method, 89
Mercury, extraction of gold by means of, 106
Mercury, fulminating, 92
Mercury, method of decomposing by the aid of other substances, 90
Mercury, method of extracting, pursued in Idria, 87
Mercury, occurrence and mode of obtaining, 87
Mercury, or quicksilver, 87
Mercury, preparations of, 91
Mercury, properties of, 91.
Metal, coarse, roasting or calcining, 49
Metals, alloys and preparations from, 4
Metals, steel and other, 30
Metallic iron, green vitriol from, 32
Metallocbromy, 11.7
Metallurgy, chemical, 4
Metallurgy, meaning of the term, 4
Meters for gas, 664
Milk, 556
Milk, means to prevent becoming sour, 557
Milk, sugar of lactose, 557
Milk, testing, 557
Millifiore work, 292
MINARY S process of preparing phosphorus, 544
Mineral green and blue, 57
Mineral oil, preparation of, 694
Mineral potash, 121
Mineralising wood, 476
Minium, red-lead, 63
Mohair, 495
Moan's method, 225 Moire-metallique, 75
Molasses, 366
Molasses, beet, 382,
Molasses, potash from, 122
Mordants, 601, 609
Morocco leather, 520, 521
Mortar, 326
Mortar, hardening, 327
Mortar, hydraulic hardening of, 331
Mosaic gold, 75
x INDEX.
Moulds, making, 19
Muffles, distillation of zinc in, 79
Muriatic acid, 211
Must, chemical constituents of, 391
Mycoderma aceti, vinegar with the help of, 466
NAPHTHALINE blue and napthaline violet, 583
Naphthaline pigments, 581
Nepolitan yellow, 85
Neft-gil, paraffin from, 684
Nettle cloth and muslin, 341
Nickel and copper alloys, 41
Nickel and its ores, 39
Nickel, metallic preparation, 41
Nickel, properties of, 43
Nickel, silver, 53
Nitrate of ammonia, 238
Nitrate of potassa, 134
Nitrate of potassa, preparation from Chili saltpetie, 138
Nitrate of silver, 105
Nitrate of soda, soda from, 189
Nitrate of tin,76
Nitric acid, 142
Nitric acid, bleaching, 143
Nitric acid, condensation, 144
Nitric acid, density of, 146
Nitric acid, fuming, 147
Nitric acid, in saltpetre, quantitative estimation of, 140
Nitric acid, manufacture, ocher method, 145
Nitric acid, uses of,147
Nitro-benzol, 572
Nitro, pigment directly from, 581
Nitro-glycerine, 158
Nobel's dynamite, 10
Nut-galls, 511
OAK bark, 509
Oil, blue, 57
Oil, cements, 491
Oil, colza mineral, 637
Oil, gas, resin gas, 674
Oil, varnishes, 488
Oils crude, rectification of, 689
essential and resins, 480
Oils, essential, extraction by fatty oils, 481
Oils, essential, preparation of, 481
Oils, paraffin, 683
Oils, purifying or refining, 636
Oils, treatment of the products of distillation of, 689
Oleic acid soap, 245
Olive-oil soap, 243
Optical glass, 286
Ores, 4
Ores, calcining, or roasting, 48
Ores, dressing of, 5
Ores, oxidised, copper from, 49
Ores, preparation of, 5
Ores, smelt,ing, 48
Ores, smelting of, 5
Orchil and Persio, 590
Orpiment, 87
Ovens, coking in, 724
Ovens, for burning gypsum, 334
Ovens, for porcelain, 301
Ovens, or kilns, carbonisation of wood in 706 708
Oxide of antimony, 84
Oxidised silver, 105
Oxysulpburet of antimony, 85
Ozokerite and neft-gil, paraffin from, 684
PlEONINE or coralline, 581
Pans for evaporating beet-root juice 375
Paper-cutting machine, 353
Paper, different, kinds, 351
Paper, drying, 351
Paper, history of, 345
Paper, machine-made, 352
Paper, making, 3407
Paper, manufacture by hand, 346
Paper, materials of manufacture, 346
Paper, pressing, 30-1.
Paper, pulp-bluing, 350
Paper, sheets straining, 350
Paper, sizing 351
Paper, sizing the pulp, 350
Papier-mache, 355
Parafin candles 530
Parafin, crude, refining of, 690
Parafin, from bitumen, 685
Parafin, from ozekerite and beft-gil, 684
Parafin, HUBNEI'S method of preparing, 690
Parafin, manufacture, 683
Parafin, oils, 683, 69.3
Parafin, oil lamps, 644
Parafin, preparation by dry distillation, 68
Parafin, from petroleum, 684
Parafin, properties of, 692
Parafin,yield of, 691
Parchment, 527
paper, 355
Varian acid Carrara, 304 Paste, 493
Pasteboard making, 353
PATTINSON's method of refining silver, 101
Pea-iron rare, 9
Pearls, blown, 292
Pearls, solid, 292
Pearls, glass, 292
Peat, 712
Peat, carbonised, 715
Peat, drying, 713
Peat, gas, 670
Peat, heating effect of, 715
Peat, new method of utilising, 715

Pecquer evaporating pan, 376
PENNY'S indigo test, 593
PENOT S test, 221
Peras, 72.
Percussion caps, 93
Percussion powders, 1,36
Perfumes chemical, 482
Perfumery, 4.81
Permanganate of potassia, 112
Petroleum as fuel, 722
Petroleum, constitution, 696
Petroleum, crude, refining, G96
Petroleum, oil and its occurrence, 695
Petroleum, oil, gas from, 675
Petroleum, oil, lamps, 644
Petroleum, origin and formation of, 695
Petroleum, technology, 697
PETTENKOFER'S process for restoring pictures, 490
Phenicienne, phenyl brown, 581
Phenyl blue, 581
Phosphorus, distillation of, 538
Phosphorus, FLECKS process, 543
Phosphorus, making, burning the bones to ash, 538
Phosphorus, manufacture, 537
Phosphorus, other proposed methods of preparing, 613
Phosphorus, preparing by GENTELE, GERLAND, ASINARY, and SONDRY'S methods, 544
Phosphorus, properties of, 0-41
Phosphorus, properties and preparation, 537
Phosphorus, red or amorphous, 545
Phosphorus, refined, moulding, 541
Phosphorus, refining and purifying, 540
Physic, or nitrate of tin, 76
Picric acid, 580
Pictures, PETTEENKOFER's process for restoring. 490
Pig or crude iron,-9
Pikaba hemp, 341
Pigments from cinchonine, 585
Pigments, lake, 568
Pigments, naphthaline, 581
Pigments, red, 586
Pipes of clay, 309
Pistrorius's apparatus, 435
Pit coal, 717
Plaster of Paris forms, moulding in, 299
Platinum alloys, 96
Platinum, black, 96
Platinum, black, vinegar, with the help of, 467
Platinum, - gas, 672
Platinum, hammered or cast, 95
Platinum, method of DEVILLE and DEBRAY, 95
Platinum, occurrence of, 93
Platinum, ores, 93
Platinum, properties of 90
Platinum, retorts, 207
Platinum, spongy, 95
Platinum, WOLLASTON'S method of extracting, 94
Porcelain articles, preparation without moulds, 299
Porcelain, bright gilding, 303
Porcelain, casting 299
Porcelain, clay, 293
Porcelain, drying, 299
Porcelain, drying the mass, 297
Porcelain, faulty ware, .302
Porcelain, French fritte, 301
Porcelain, glaze applying, 300
Porcelain, glazing, 299
Porcelain, kneading the dried mass, 298
Porcelain, grinding and mixing the material, 297
Porcelain, hard, 297
Porcelain, ornamenting, 303
Porcelain, oven, 301
Porcelain, painting, 302
Porcelain, oven, emptying and sorting the ware, 302
Porcelain, silvering and platinising, 303
Porcelain, tender, 304
Porcelain, moulding, 298
Porcelain, the potter's wheel, 298
Portland cement, 329
Potash from molasses, 122
Potash, from the ashes of plants, 122
Potash, GRUNEBERG's method of estimating the value of, 226
Potash, purified preparation of, 133
Potassa and cobalt, nitrate of protoxide of, 39
Potassa, carbonate of, 118
Potassa, chlorate of. 223
Potassa, chromates, applications of, 65
Potassa, mode of obtaining from felspar, 122 --- neutral or yellow chromate of, 64 - nitrate of, 134
Potassa, permanganate of, 112
Potassa, salts from sea-water, 122
Potassa, salts from sea-weeds, 129
Potassa, salts from suint,132
Potassa, salts from the Stassfurt salt minerals, 118
Potassa, sources whence derived, 118
Potassa, sulphate of, 121
Potassa, yellow prussite of, 32
Potassium, chloride of, preparation,119
Potassium, cyanide, 35
Potatoes, mash from, 427
Potatoes, starch from, 357
Potato-mash fermentation, 429
Potato-mash starch drying, 3-58
Potter's clay. 295
Pottery common, 310
Printing and dyeing in general, 568
Printing ink, 489
Printing linen goods, 616
Printing silk goods, 616
Printing woollen goods, 616
Printing of woven fabrics, 609
Prussian blue on wool, 604
Puddling furnace, 22
Puddling process, 22
Pulp, bleaching, for paper, 349
Pult fires, 744
Pumice-stone to polish leather, 519
Purple, CASSIUS'S, 1ll
Pyrites distillation, green vitriol from residues of 32
Pyrites, preparation of sulphur from, 197
Pyrites, use of for the preparation of sulphurous acid, 246
Pyrotechny, 148
Pyrotechny, cbemical principles of, 155
QUARTATION, 107
Quercitron bark, 596
Quicksilver or mercury, 87
RAGS, cutting and cleaning, 347
Rags, for paper, additions of mineral to, 346
Rags, substitute for, 346
Raw lead, 61
Realgar, 87
Red arsenic, 87
Red lead, 63
Red phosphorus, 545
Red prussiate of potash, 35
Refined steel, 29
Refining copper, 46
Resins, 483
Resin cements, 492
Resin gas, 6.78
Resin oil gas, 674
Resin-tallow soap, 245
Resin, use of as sealing wax, 483
Resume, 745
Retort furnaces, 650
Retorts for gas, 648
Retorts, glass, concentration in, 208
Retorts, platinum, 207
Reverberatory furnace. 18
Rhea grass, 341
Rice starch. 360
RINMANN'S, or cobalt green, 39
Rock salt, 165
Rock salt, mode of working, 167
Roll sulphur, 197
Roofing tile9, 318
Roots, mash from, 429
Roseine, 575
Ross apparatus, 232
Rough steel, 27
Rusina, 87
Russia leather, 520
Russian stoves, 734
SACCHARIMETRY, 369
Saccharometrical beer test, BALLING'S, 420
Sago, 361
Safflower, 589
SaL ammoniac, application of gases to the manufacture of, 16
Salines, method of obtaining common salt in, 164
Salt, common, direct conversion of into soda, 188
Salt, common, method of obtaining in salines, 164
Salt, salt, common, method of preparing from seawater, 163
Salt, salt, common, occurrence of, 163
Salt, salt, common, properties of, 169
Salt, salt, common, uses of, 170
Saltpetre, 134
Saltpetre, and sulphur mixture, 156
Saltpetre, crude, refining, 137
Saltpetre, mode or obtaining, 135
Saltpetre, occurrence of native, 134
Saltpetre, of the earth, treatment of, 135
Saltpetre, quantitative estimation of nitric acid in, 140
Saltpetre, testing, 140
Saltpetre, uses of, 141
Salt-springs, mode of working, 167
Saurian, or oil-Cawing process, 525
Sandal wood, 588
Sanitary ware, 321
Sap, chemical alteration of the constituents of, 475
Sap, elimination of toe constituents of, 474
Saponification, theory of, 242
Saponification, with lime, 623
Saponification, with sulphuric acid, 624
Saponification, with water and high pressure, 626
SAUERWEIN'S method of decomposition cryolite with caustic lime, 259
Saxony blue, 603
SCHAFFNER'S sulphur regeneration process, 185.
SCHEELE'S green, 57
Schist or alum shale, 257
SCHWARZ'S arparatus, 436
SCHWEINPURT green, 58
Sealing-wax, use of resin as, 483
Sea-weed carbondised, iodine from, 192
Sea-weeds, potassa salts from, 129
Sea-water, method of preparing common salt from, 163
Sea-water, potassa salts from, 122
Sericiculture, 501
Shaft or cupola furnace, 18
Shagreen, 537
Shear-steel, 29
Sheep-shearing, 498
Shot manufacture, 62
Siderograpby, 31
Siderolite and terialite ware, 307
SIEMENS'S apparatus, 440
Silica ultramarine preparation, 267
Silk, 501
Silk bleaching, 599
Silk dyeing, 606
Silk goods, printing, 616
Silk, manipulation, 503
Silk, scouring or boiling the gum out, 504
Silk, testing, 504
Silk, to distinguish from wool and vegetable fibre, 506
Silk, weaving, 505
Silkworms, 501
Silver, alloys of, 103
Silver, alloy for plate, 103
Silver, and gold for electro-plating, 115
Silver, and its occurance, 96
Silver, assay, 103
Silver, chemically pure, 102
Silver, extraction by amalgamation, 97
Silver, extraction by AUGUSTIN'S method, 99
Silver, extraction by the dry wary, 100
Silver, extraction from is ores, 96
Silver, sundry hydro-metallurgical methods of, 99
Silver, German or nickel, 53
Silver, mode of preparing the lead containing 100
Silver, nitrate of, 105
Silver, oxidised, 105
Silver, properties of, 102
Silver, reduction by means of zinc, 102
Silver, refining process, 100
Silver, smelting for, directly, 97
Silver, solution for electroplating, 116
Silver, ultimate refining of, 102
Silvering, 104
Silvering by the wet way, 105
Silvering by fire or igneous, 104
Silvering in the cold, 104
Sizing the paper, 351
Skins, 513
Skin of animals. anatomy of, 508
Slaking lime, 326
Smalt, 38
Smelt, the mixing of the, 5
Smelting for gold, 106
Smelting, silver directly, 97
Smelting, white metal, 49
Smelting, of nickel ores, 40
Smelting, the ore, 5
Smelting, operation products of, 7
Smelting, process, course of 13
Smoke consumption, 745
Smoke-consuming apparatus, 741
Snuff, 480
Soap- toiling, raw materials of, 239
Soap chief varieties of, 243
Soap, insoluble, 249
Soap, making. 239
Soap, tests, 248
Soap, transparent, 248
Soap, uses of, 248
Soaps, toilet, 247
Soaps, various, 247
Soda-alum, 261
Soda-ash, 171
Soda, aluminate of, 26
Soda, bicarbonate of, 190
Soda, caustic, 189
Soda, crude, conversion of sulphate into, 174
Soda, crude, lixiviation of, 176
Soda, direct conversion of common salt into, 188
Soda, from chemical processes, 172
Soda, from cryolite, 188
Soda, from nidate of soda, 189
Soda, from soda plants, and from beetroot, 171
Soda, furnace, with rotatory hearth, 175
Soda, hyposulphite of, 201
Soda, manufacture, 170
Soda, occurrence of native, 170
Soda, preparation from sulphate of soda 187
Soda, stannate of. 76
Soda, sulphate, 213
Soda, sulphate uses of, 214
Soda, ultramarine preparation, 266
Soda, waste, sulphur from, 198
Soda, waste utilisation, 184
Sodic nitrate, 141
Soft soap, 246
Solfetino, 575
Sortvay's process of preparing phosphorus, 544
Spathic iron ore, green vitriol from, 32
Spathose iron ore, 8
Sperm, or spermaceti candles, 634
Spinning cotton, 342
Spinning flax, 340
Spirit from dry distillation of wood, 472
Spirit, manufacture raw materials, 425
Spirit, varnish, 489
Spirits from the by-products of sugar manufacture, 430
Spirits from wine and mart, 430
Spirits, the preparation or distillation of, 424
Spongy. platinum, 95
Stags, 5
Stage, or etage grate, 743
Stamp machine. 347
STANFORD and MORIDE's method of preparing iodine from carbonised seaweed. 192
Stannate of soda, 76
Starch, 355
Starch, commercial, constituents and uses of, 360
Starch, from potatoes, 357
Starch, nature of, 356
Starch, rice, chestnut, Cassava arrow-root, 360
Starch, sources of, 357
Starch-meal, boiling with dilute sulphuric acid, 384
xiv INDEX.
Starch sugar composition, 386 S
Statistics concerning the production of crude iron, 18
Statistics of steel production, 31
Steam brewing, 418
Steam for heating, 740
Stearine candles, 621
Steel, 26
Steel, and other metals, 30
Steel, engraving, 31
Steel, from malleable and crude cast iron, 29
Steel, production, statistics of, 31
Steel, properties cf, 29
Steel, hardening, 29
Step grate, 742
Stereoebromy, 285
Stibium, 82
Stoneware, 305
Stoneware, lacquered, 307
Stoneware, ovens, 306
Stove heating, 733
Stoves, compound, 735
Stoves, iron, 734
Stoves, of fire-clay, 734
Strass, 288
Styrian cast-steel, 27
Sugar-beet, vinegar from, 466 Sutar-candy, 382
Sugar-cane, 361
Sugar-cane, components, 364
Sugar, draining the crystals, 381
Sugar, history of, 362
Sugar, manufacture, 362
Sugar, beet- root, 367
Sugar, spirits from the by-products of, 430
Sugar, nature of, 362
Sugar, of the grape, 392
Sugar, preparation from the beet, 370
Sugar, preparation of moist, raw, or loaf, 380
Sugar, raw, preparation from the sugarcane, 365
Sugar, production, 367
Sugar, refining, 366
Sugar, removing from the form, 381
Sugar, solution, evaporating and purifying, 385
Sugar, starch, composition, 386
Sugar, varieties of, 366
Suint, gas from, 675
Suint, potassa, salts from, 132
Sulphate of alumina, 261
Sulphate of alumina and alum, uses of, 263
Sulphate of ammonia, 238
Sulphate of copper, 54
Sulphate of potassa,121
Sulphate of soda, 213
Sulphate of zinc, 81
Sulphate of or decomposing furnace, 172
Sulphates of alumina, 256
Sulphide of carbon, 210
Sulphite of lime, 201
Sulphur, 194
Sulphur, as a by product of gas manufacture, 198
Sulphur, by heating sulphuretted hydrogen, 198
Sulphur, chloride, 211
Sulphur, flowers of, 197
Sulphur, for refining gold, 107
Sulphur, from soda waste, 198
Sulphur, obtained by the reaction of sulphurous acid on charcoal, 198
Sulphur, preparation of from pyrites, 197
Sulphur, production by the reaction of sulphuretted hydrogen upon sulphurous acid, 198
Sulphur, properties and uses of, 199
Sulphur, regeneration process, SCUAFFNER'S, 185
Sulphur, smelting and refining, 194
Sulphurets of arsenic, 86
Sulphuric acid, 201
Sulphuric acid, concentration, 206
Sulphuric acid, decomposition of bone-ash by, 538
Sulphuric acid, green vitriol from, 32
Sulphuric acid, for refining gold, 107
Sulphuric acid, fuming. 202
Sulphuric acid, manufacture, other methods of, 208
Sulphuric acid, mash with, 428
Sulphuric acid, ordinary or English, 203
Sulphuric acid, present manufacture of, 203
Sulphuric acid, properties of, 209
Sulphuric acid, saponification by means of, 624
Sulphuric acid, separation from the sugar solution, 385
Sulphurous acid, 199
Sulphurous acid, use of pyrites for trio preparation of sulphurous acid, 206
Sumac, 510
Sun hemp, 341
Swedish iron refining, 22
TALLOW candles, 629
Tanning, 508, 516
Tanning, in liquor, 517
Tanning, in the bark, 516
Tanning, materials, 509
Tanning, materials, estimation of value of, 512
Tanning, quick process, 517
Tanning, the several operations, 513
Tar, condensation of the vapours of, 686
Tar, distillation of, 688
Tar, mode of operating with, 688
Tar, preparation of. 685
Tar, properties of, 687
Tawer's softening iron to smooth the leather, 519
Tawing, 522
Tawing, common, 522
Temperature of blast-furnace at different points, 15
Tempering. 20
Tempering steel, 30
Terra-cotta. 311
Terralite and siderolite ware, 309
Thomsens method of decomposition of cryolite by ignition with carbonate of lime, 259
Tiles, drain and gutter, 3i8
Tiles, roofing and Dutch, 318
Tin, 73
Tin, applications, 74
Tin, nitrate of, 76
Tin, preparations of, 75
Tin, properties of, 74
Tinned shoe, iron, 75
Tinning 75
Tinning of copper, brass, and malleable iron, 75
Tinsalt, 75
Tobacco, 477
Tobacco, leaf, chemical composition of, 478
Tobacco, manufacture, 478
Tobacco, smoking, 479
Tow, of tangled fibre, 340
Tubes, distillation of zinc in, 79
Turkey red, 608
Turmeic, 596
TURNBULL'S blue 37
Turpentine oil varnishes, 490
Tyraline, 575,
UCHATIUS'S steel, 28
Ultramarine, 264
Ultramarine, artificial, 264
Ultramarine, cobalt, 38
Ultramarine, constitution of, 267
Ultramarine, conversion of green into blue, 266
Ultramarine, green preparation, 265
Ultramarine, manufacture, 264
Ultramarine, native, 264
Ultramarine, properties of, 267
Ultramarine, sulphate of, preparation, 265
VACUUM pans, 377
Valconia nuts, 511
Varnish. polishing dried, 490
Varnish, spirit, 489
Vanishes, 488
Varnishes, oil, 489
Varnishes, spirit, coloured, 490
Varnishes, turpentine oil, 490
Vases, Etruscan, 309
Vegetable fibre, technology of, 338
Vellum, 527
Verdigris, 58
Vicuna wool, 495
Vienna yeast, 450
Vine and its cultivation, 390
Vinegar and its origin. 460
Vinegar formation, phenomena of, 462
Vinegar from alcohol, 461
Vinegar from the sugar-beet, 466
Vinegar from wood distillation, 469
Vinegar making, older method, 462
Vinegar quick process, 463
Vinegar testing, 467
Vinegar with the help of the Mycoderma aceti, 466
Vinegar platinum black, 467
Vinegar the manufacture of. 460
Vinous fermentation, 387
Vinous mash from cereals, 426
Vintage, 390
Vitriol blue. 54
Vitriol blue, applications of, 56
Vitriol double, 55
Vitriol green, 31
Vitriol green from metallic iron and sulphuric acid, 32
Vitriol green from the residues of Pyrites distillation, 32
Vitriol green, in beds, preparation of, 32
Vitriol green, prepartition of, as a by-product
Vitriol green, in alum works, 32
Vitriol green, uses of, 32
Vitriol white, 81
Violet and blue naphthaline pigments, 583
Violet imperial, 577
VOGL s grate, 744
Voltaic electricity, copper obtained by 50
Volumetrical method, 224
Vulcanized caoutchouc, 486
WALKERITE, 295
Warming, 731
Water, 405
Water, cooler , 309
Water, gas, 671
Water, gas, carbureti ed, 672
Water, gas, LEPRINCE'S, 674
Water, hot, for heating, 739
Wax candles, 631
Wax candle making, 633
Wax or Vesta matches, 553
Weaving silk, 505
Weaving the cloth 499
Weaving the linen threads, 340
Weld, 596
WELDON'S chlorine process, 219
Wheat starch, preparation of, 358
Whey, 557
White gunpowder, 154
White lead, 67
White lead, adulteration of, 72
White lead, application of, 72
White lead, English method of manufacturing, 68
White lead, French method of preparing, 69
White lead, from chloride of lead, 71
White lead, from sulphate of lead, 70
White lead, manufacture at Clichy, apparatus used in, 69
White lead, properties of, 71
White-lead, theory of preparing, 70
White vitriol. 81
Wine, 390
Wine, clearing and fining, 399
Wine, constituents of, 393
Wine, drawing off and tasking, 393
Wine, making, 390
Wine, making, the residue or waste. 399
Wine, must, improving the, 401
Wines, ageing and conservation of, 397
Wines, effervescing, 399
Wines, maladies of, 396
Wire, iron, manufacture, 25
WOLLASTON'S method of extracting platinum from its ores, 94
Wood, 702
Wood, charcoal, 704
Wood, charcoal, composition of, 711
Wood, BOUCHERIE'S method of mineralizing, 477
Wood, carbonization of, 705, 708
Wood, constituents of, 703
Wood, drying, 474 »
Wood, gas, 668
Wood, burners, 670
Wood, heating value of, 704
Wood, in general, durability, of, 472
Wood, preservation, 472. 474
Wood, roasted. rois boux, 712
Wood, spirit, 472
Wood, vinegar, 469
Wood's alloy, 82
Wool and vegetable fibre, to distinguish silk. from. 506
Wool, artificial, 499
Wool, carding. 498
Wool, chemical composition of, 495
Wool, colour end gross, 497
Wool, dyeing, 498
Wool, dyeing red, 605
Wool, oiling or greasing, 498
Wool, origin and properties of, 494
Wool, preparation, 497
Wool, properties of, 497
Wool, spinning, 498
Wool sorting, 498
Wool washing, 498
Wool willowing or devilling, 498
Woollen fabrics, dyeing, 601
Wollen goods, printing, 616
Wollen industry, 494
Wootz steel, 30
Worsted wool, 500
Wort, boiling, 411
Wort, cooling, 413
Wort, extractives of, 411
Wort, preparation of, 408
Wort, preparation, infusion method, 410
YEAST, 387
Yeast, dry, 449
Yeast, so called artificial, 450
Yellow chromate of potassa, 64
Yellow, dyes, 595
Yellow, prusiate of potash, applications of, 35
Yellow, sulphuret of arsenic, 87
Yellow, wood, 595
Yufts, Russia leather, 520
ZIERVOGELS method of silver extraction, 99
Zinc and tin solution for electro plating, 116
Zinc, applications of, 80
Zinc, chloride, 81
Zinc, chromate, 81
Zinc, distillation in crucibles, 79
Zinc, distillation in muffles, 78
Zinc, distillation in tubes, 79
Zinc, method of extracting, 77
Zinc, mode of obtaining from sulphuret of zinc, 79
Zinc, occurrence of, 77
Zinc, preparations of, 80
Zinc, properties of, 79
Zinc, reduction of silver by means of, 102
Zinc, sulphate, 81
Zinc, white, 80