Audel's Sheet Metal Workers Handy Book. 1942 Index Abbreviations on aircraft drawings 22 Air conditioning ducts 162-164 Aircraft, blue print reading 14 Aircraft, drawing abbreviations 22 Aircraft, sheet metal work 1-26 Air duct, compound curved reducing elbow. 142 Air duct, compound curved type 142 Air duct, curved offset type 140 Air duct, offset transition type 154 Air duct, rectangular double offset type 150 Air duct, rectangular type 134 Air duct, taper type 138 Air duct, transition elbow type 160 Air duct, twisted type 136, 137 Air duct, two-way offset type 158 Aluminum, alloys 2 Aluminum, characteristics of 2 Aluminum, sheet welding 205 Angle, how to bisect 337, 338 Angle, layout of 269 Angle, measuring instruments 264, 265 Apex of cone 318 Arc, length of 369 Arc of circle with given radius 339 Arc, rise of 370 Area of circle 376 Area of cone, 377,378 Area of cylinder 377 Area of ellipse 377 Area of frustum cone 379 Area of parallelogram 371 Area of rectangular wedge 380 Area of sector 376 Area of segment 377 Area of square 371 Area of trapezium 373, 375 Area of trapezoid 373 Area of triangle 372 Areas, measurement of 370 Ash door opening in boiler 229 Barn, cabinet projection 305 Barn, ortographic projection of 305 Bath tube pattern 85-90 Beading machine 183,186 Bending effect 218 Bisection of angle 337, 338 Bisection of straight line 333 Blue print face 14 Blue print reading 14 Boiler, ash door opening 229 Boiler, fire box layout 238, 239 Boiler, fire door opening 236 Boiler, furnace 233 Boiler, furnace door opening layout of 228 Boiler, furnace layout 235 Automobile engine hood pattern 114, 115 Boiler, furnace plate layout 239 Boiler, outlets, tapping of 230 Boiler, plate edge lines 224 Boiler, plate layout, requirements for 211 Boiler, plate thickness 211 Boiler, plate work 211-242 Boiler, rivet layout 224 Boiler, shell cross section 219 Boiler, shell detail 222 Boiler, shell joint 241,242 Boiler, shell layout, complete 231 Boiler, shell neutral diameter 219 Boiler, shell number of rivets required 220 Boiler, shell plate layout 220 Boiler, shell section 237 Boiler, trial tube sheet layout 232 Boiler, tube required . 232 Boiler, tube separator 240 Boiler, tube sheets 231 Boiler, water leg hand hole 229 Bolt, layout 17 Brake, machine 188 Brass 3 Bumping hammer 8 Automobile engine hood pattern 114, 115 Cylindrical ring, volume of 385 Cylindrical surface shading 284 Cylinder area 377 Cylinder development 41 Cylinder surface 29 Cylinder volume 381 Burring machine 179 Butt and double strap joint. 216 Butt weld, how to make 203 Butt welds in sheet metal 198 Cabinet and isometric axes, comparison of. 296 Cabinet projection, comparison of 299 Cabinet projection 287 Cabinet axes 288 Cabinet projection of a cube 289 Cabinet cylinder 290 Cabinet prism 291 Calculation of cylindrical tanks 10-12 Calculation of diameter 219 Calculation of rectangular tanks 10 Capacity of tanks 9 Catenary with given span 348 Center lines 307 Chalk lines, how to make 212, 213 Characteristics of material 2 Choice of seams 4 Chord, length of 370 Circle 316 Circle areas, difference between 377 Circle equal in area to a given square 347 Circle how to find center of 338 Circle property of 386 Circle sector, area of 376 Circular shears 172-174 Circular wing tip layout 13 Circumference of.circle, determination of 341 Circumference of.circle, how to calculate 368 Circumference of.circle, how to find 341 Circumference rule 193 Cleaning of fuel tanks 6 Cone, area of377, 378 Cone, pattern, scalene type 108, 109 Cone, surface 29 Cone, volume of 381 Conical hood for pipe 94, 95 Construction of pentagon 340 Construction of rectangle with given diagonal 346 Construction of square with given diagonal 346 Compass, extension bar 248, 249 Compass, how to use 272, 273 Compasses 247 Complete layout for boiler shell 231 Copper 3 Corner welds for various gauges 200, 201 Crimping and beading machine 185 Cube, pattern of 61 Current adjustment 202 Curved surface 29 Curves, drafting type 262 Cutting plane 316 Detail of boiler furnace 235 Detail of shell joint 241, 242 Detail of tube and sheet 237 Detail of separator 240 Detail of lower boiler tube sheet 236 Development by radial lines 91-112 Development triangulation 112-125 Development parallel lines 59-91 Development of air conditioning ducts 133-164 Development automobile fender 63, 64 Development bath tube pattern 85-90 Development cap for church spire 92 Development hemisphere 53 Development hemisphere pattern by approximation 57 Development oblique parallelopipedon 36 Development outlet branch of tee-pipe 315 Development pattern by parallel lines 32 Development pattern for 45° cylinder 41 Development pattern five piece elbow 75, 76 Development pattern four piece elbow 73, 74 Development pattern irregular warped solid 52, 53 Development pattern Pan 84 Development pattern pyramid 45, 46 Development pattern tee pipe 65 Development pattern three piece elbow 71, 72 Development pattern two piece elbow 68-70 Development pattern V-branch 66, 67 Development prismoid 33-35 Development run of tee-pipe 314 Development surfaces 307 Diameter, neutral 219 Diagonal, construction of 346 Dimensioning drawings 278 Dinging hammer 8 Dividers, setting for division 225, 226 Division of line into equal parts 337 Dodecahedron, surface of 383 Dodecahedron, volume of 383 Dormer window pattern: 130-132 Double lock seam 6, 7 Drafting curves 262 Draftsman’s scales 255 Draftsman's triangles 253, 254 Drawing a circle 275 Drawing a cube 289 Drawing a cylinder 290 Drawing a line parallel with a given line 336 Drawing and ruling pens 250-252 Foot brake machine 188 Forming machine 174, 175 Four piece elbow pattern. 72-74 Frustum area 379 Frustum cone development 23-26 Frustum cone pattern 24, 96 Furnace, boiler 233 Furnace door opening layout 228 Fuel tank cleaning 6 Fuel tanks 6 Hand groover 8 Hand hole layout in boiler shell 228 Hair spring dividers 248 Hammer, bumping type 8 Hammer, dinging type 8 Hemisphere development 53 Hexagon, construction of 354 Hexahedron, surface of 383 Hexahedron, volume of 383 How to draw 264-286 How to read plans 287-332 Hyperbola 317, 322 Hypotenuse, length of 367, 368 Icosahedron, surface of 383 Icosahedron, volume of 383 Inches and foot table 369 India ink 256 Ink erasers 260 Ink erasers, steel type 261 Inking a drawing 274 Finish notations 16 Fire box layout in boiler 238, 239 Five piece elbow pattern 75,76 Flanges, oblique tapering type 107 Flaring measure pattern 110-112 Flushing tank pattern 59-61 Folding machine 176, 177 Drawing board, adjustable 245 Drawing boards. 244, 245 Drawing ink 256 Drawing instruments 243, 244 Drawing instrument sets 246, 247 Drawing of parallel lines 270 Drawing of straight lines 265 Drawing vertical marine boiler 214 Drawing pencils 257 Drawing pencils hardness of 258 Drawing pencils practical 243-286 Drawing pencils scales 16 Drawing pencils showing title block notations 17 Drawing pencils to scale 276 Drawings, dimensioning of 278 Drawings, general 16 Drilling holes, procedure of 4, 5 Drilling notations 16 Duct pattern 104-106 Duralumin 2 Edge welds 201 Effect of bending 218 Elbow pattern, square tapering type 121 -1 23 Elbow stove pipe 308-313 Elbow table 308 Elbow patterns 308 Elbows, tapering type 101 Electrodes 197 Electrodes, coated type 200 Elementary surfaces 28, 32 Elementary surfaces, development of 59 Ellipse 316, 320 Ellipse area 377 Ellipse construction of 357-364 Elliptical, wing tip layout 13 Elevation of stove pipe 308 Elevation tee pipe 313 Equilateral triangle, construction of 349 Extension bar for compass 248, 249 Gasoline explosions, precautions against 6 Gasoline tank pattern 11 Gasoline tanks 9 Geometrical problems 333-366 Geometrical proportions, table of 384 Graham marine boiler 214 Grooved lock seam 4, 7 Groover, hand type 8 Grooving machine 177, 178 Interior tangent to two unequal circles 343 Irregular curves 263 Irregular polygon. 374 Isometric and cabinet projection, comparison of 299 Isometric projection 295, 297 Isometric projection of cube 297 Lap seam, riveted 4, 7 Lap weld, how to make 203 Laying out angles by T-square 39 Layout of boiler rivets 224 Layout of boiler shell 220 Layout of hand holes in boiler tube sheet 227, 228 Layout of metal bar angle 19 Layout of metal bracket 20 Layout of perpendicular 221 Layout of sheet metal shop 166 Layout of wing tips 12, 13 Leader construction 77 Length of arc 369 Length of chord 370 Lettering 282 Lettering pens 261,262 Lever punches 167 Light gauge metal, welding of 203 Lower circumferential rivet line 220-222 Machine, beading type 183-186 Machine, brake type 188 Machine, burring type 179 I Machine, folding type 176,177 Machine, forming type 174, 175 Machine, grooving type 177, 178 Machine, seaming type 182 Machine, setting down type 179-182 Machine, turning type 186 Machine, wiring type 186, 187 Machines, sheet metal 165-194 Mansard window pattern 129 Marine boiler, vertical type 214 Marine smoke stacks 97 Mensuration 367-388 Measurement of lines 367 Measurement of solids 367, 380 Measurement of surfaces 367 Measuring wheel 216 Method of laying out longitudinal rivet lines. 223 Method of setting dividers by calculation 42 Method of using chalk line 212, 213 Mitre angles for elbows 76 Mitre line, rise of 308 Oblique cone development 47, 48 Oblique parallelopipedon, development of 36 Oblique tapering flanges 107 Octagon, construction of 355 Octagonal pyramid, pattern of ‘ 93 Octahedron, surface of 383 Octahedron, volume of 383 Offset for a rectangular pipe 78 Offset transition air duct 154 Orthographic projection 301, 302 Oxy-acetylene welding 205 Oxy-acetylene fluxes 207 Parabola 317, 321 Parallel line shading 284 Parallel lines, how to draw 336 Parallelogram, area of 371 Parallelogram, construction of 347, 350 Parallelogram, with given side and angle 350 Parallelopipedon, isometric projection of 297 Pattern, automobile engine hood 114, 115 Pattern, bath tub 85-90 Pattern, box-shaped leader 82 Pattern, cap of church spire 92 Pattern, common and raked brackets 127 Pattern, conical eave 100 Pattern, hood on pipe 94,95 Pattern, connections between oblong and round pipe 117-121 Pattern, square and round pipes 116, 117 Pattern, vent pipe 98 Pattern, cube 61 Pattern, cutting 27-58 Pattern, cylinder 11,96 Pattern, development of hemisphere Pattern, development by approximation 57 Pattern, development oblique cone.47,~8 Pattern, development pyramid.45, 46 Pattern, development radial lines 44 Pattern, development triangulation47 Pattern, development 45° cylinder 41 Pattern, dormer window 130-1 32 Pattern, five piece elbow 75, 76 Pattern, flaring measure 110-112 Pattern, flushing tank 59-61 Pattern, four piece elbow 73, 74 Pattern, frustum cone 24, 96 Pattern, Mansard window 129 Pattern, mitre on cornice 124 Pattern, scalene cone 108, 109 Pattern, smoke stack 96 Pattern, tapering square elbow 121-123 Pattern, tee pipe 65 Pattern, three piece elbow 71, 72 Pattern, truncated octagonal pyramid 93 Pattern, two piece elbow 68-70,102,103 Pattern, ventilator duct 104-106 Pattern, wedge shape drainer 62, 64 Pattern, V-branch on leader 80 Pattern, V-branch pipe 66, 67 Pencil erasers 260 Pencil, how to sharpen 259 Penciling hints on 273 Pentagon, construction of 340, 353 Pens, lettering type 262 Perpendicular, construction of 221 Perpendicular, how to draw 333-335 Perpendicular, to a straight line 333-335 Perspective drawing 323, 324 Perspective drawing house 329 Perspective drawing prism 326 Perspective drawing projection 325 Perspective drawing view, how to obtain 326, 327 Picture plane 325 Pipe with conical base, pattern of 96 Plan surface 29 Plane of four part elbow 73-75 Plane of stove pipe 308 Plans, how to read 287-332 Plate edge lines 224 Point of sight 325 Polygon, construction of 340, 352 Polygon, irregular. 374 Practical drawing 243-286 Prismold development 33-35 Projection, orthographic 301, 302 Properties of the circle 386 Protractor, how to use 279 Protractors 264, 279 Punching machines, lever type 167, 168 Pyramid development 45, 46 Raising hammer 193 Reading of aircraft blue prints 14 Rectangle with given diagonal 346 Rectangular air duct, curved type 140 Rectangular double offset air duct 150 Rectangular leader patterns 78, 79 Rectangular offset 133-135 Rectangular twisted type 136, 137 Rectangular wedge, area of 380 Representation of dimension lines 15 Right angle, how to construct 335 Rise of arc 370 Rise of mitre line 308 Rivet set and headers., 192 Riveted lap seam 4, 7 Riveting hammer 193 Ruling pens 250-252 Rules and scales 255 Scale drawing 276 Scalene cone pattern 108, 109 Scales 16 Scratch awl 193 Scriber 216 Seam, double lock 6,7 Seam, grooved lock 4,7 Seam, lap riveted. 4,17 Seamer, hand type 182 Seaming machine, operation of182 Seams, various forms of7, 181 Section lining 286 Section of boiler shell 237 Segment area 377 Segment of sphere 382 Separator for boiler tube 240 Setting down machine 179-182 Setting hammer 193 Shading of surfaces 284 Shears, circular type 172-174 squaring type 169-172 Sheet metal arc welding 197 Sheet metal drawings 18-21 Sheet metal hand tools 189-194 Sheet metal machines 165-194 Sheet metal seams 4, 7 Sheet metal size I Sheet metal welding. 195-210 Sheet metal work 3 Sheet metal developments 59-132 Shell plate 217 Size of drawings 14 Solids, measurement of 380 Spacing with dividers 276 Special wing tip layout 13 Sphere surface 30 Spiral, how to construct 358 Spring bows 248 Square, 252 Square, area of 371 Square, around circle 350 Square, construction of 351 Square, equal in area to a given circle 348 Square, to square taper duct 138 Square, wing tip layout 13 Square, with given diagonal 346 Squaring shears 169-172 Stainless steel 2 Stakes, various 189-191 Steel measuring tape 215 Steel rule, circumference type 193 Stove pipe elbow 308-313 Straight line, how to bisect 333 Surfaces, development of 307 Surfaces, regular solids 383 Table of geometrical proportions 384 Table of inches and feet 369 Tabulated drawing 16 Tangent, construction of 344 Tangent, to circle 339 Tangent, to circle from points without 344 Tangent, to given circle from, any given point342 Tanks, capacity of 9 Tanks, fuel 6 Tapering elbows 101 Tapering flanges, oblique types 107 Tapering square elbow pattern 121-123 Tee pipe, elevation of 313 Tee square 252 Tetrahedron, surface of 383 Tetrahedron, volume of 383 Three piece elbow pattern 71, 72 Thumb tack lifter 260 Thumb tacks 259 Tinners hand tools 189-194 Tinners stakes 189—191 To circumscribe an octagon about a circle 356 To construct an ellipse when axes are given. 357 To construct a spiral 358 To construct hexagon upon a given line 354 To inscribe an octagon ma circle 356 To inscribe circle in square 350 To inscribe triangle 352 To inscribe hexagon in circle 355 To inscribe pentagon in circle 353 To inscribe polygon in circle 352 Trapezium, area of 373, 375 Trapezoid, area of 373 Triangle 316 Triangle area 372 Triangle, construction of 352 Triangle, how to calculate 368 Triangles, 253, 254 Triangles, how to use 267-270 Tube sheet layout in boiler 232,233 Tube sheets for boiler 231 Turning machine 186 Two piece elbow pattern 68-70 tapering type 102, 103 Two way offset air duct 158 Upper circumference rivet lines 223 U. S. Standard Gauge 6 Vanishing point of perspective view 324 Various views, illustration of 300 Ventilator duct pattern 104-106 Volume of any regular solid 383 Volume of cone 381 Volume of cylinder 381 Volume of segment of sphere 382 Warped surface 30, 52 Warped, definition of 30 Wedge shaped drainer, development of 62, 64 Welding electrodes 197 Welding fluxes, precautions when using 208 Welding sheet metal 195-210 Welding wire 205 Window pattern, dormer type130-132 Winged dividers213 Wiring machine186, 187 V-branch pipe patterns 66, 67