ATOCI: HAWKINS ELECTRICAL GUIDE #10 [HEG10] ELECTRIC ELEVATORS - 2,855 to 2,934 Electricity as a motive power - classification of electric elevators - drum elevators - application of power - over and under mounted types - adaptation - traction elevators 1 to 1, 2 to 1, and multi - reduction types - advantages - the car - typical elevator car layouts - construction of freight elevator platform - typical modern passenger car - the shaft - multi - shaft open iron work - general requirements - motors for electric elevators - horse - power diagram - kind of current suitable - Warner direct current and alternating current motors - elevator controllers - classification - non - reversible and reversible controllers - simplest type - full magnet direct current control - arrangement of switches - diagrams - how excessive currents are guarded against - speed control - diagrams - speed variation by shunt field resistance - push button control - slow down control - diagrams - two types of resistance explained - control apparatus - the mechanical, and dynamic brakes - try out switch - diagrams - service switch - heavy load lifting device - machine type limit switch - shaft limit switches - diagrams - safety switch - alternating current controller - description of various alternating current con - trollers - diagrams - current relay acceleration - functions of the relay - various auxiliary apparatus - the transmission - definition - gearing between motor and drum - belt drive - horse power of belts - objections to belt drive - chain drive - spur gear drive - gear tooth parts - strength of gear teeth - horse power transmitted - herringbone gear drive - Gurney herringbone gear - action of herring - bone gear teeth - worn& gear drive - single gear - objection to single gear - thrust bearing - double worm gear; two types - double reduction worm and internal gear drive ELECTRIC ELEVATORS - Continued - why an internal gear is used - Warner internal spur gear freight elevator machine - drums, cables, pulleys, counterweights - lifting and counter weights, how attached - idler pulley - "scores" - arrangement of counterweights - compensating chains - elevator safety - how to run an elevator - before starting - starting - stopping - sudden rever - sal - machine limit stop - motor starter contacts - - Gurney centrifugal safety governor - caution in adjusting - car stops - car stops between landings - slack cable switch - Warner worm drive machine - car beyond control - limit stops - Otis spring return oil buffer or cushion - caution while car is in motion - leaving car for the night. ELECTRIC CRANES - - - - - 2,935 to 2,962 Definition - classification - crane types defined: swing - ing, jib, column, pillar, pillar jib, derrick, walking, loco - motive bride tram, traveling, gantry, rotary brill bridge, g, g Y, Y g cranes - essentials of rotary cranes - locomotive jib crane - Niles crane construction: bridge ends or trucks area served Y locomotive b locomotive jib crane - effective radius J - essentials of rectilinear cranes - diagram of traveling crane - bridge girders - motor location - - the cage - - essentials of combined rotary and rectilinear cranes - standard grab bucket trolley - essential of transporters - diagram of transporter - operation - the grab load - crane motors - conditions to be met - Shaw crane motor - automatic electro - magnetic brakes - operation - Niles electric brake - automatic mechanical brake - eddy cur - rent brake - rheostatic brake - brake points - controlling connections - overhead wharf crane - Shaw wharf crane - half gantry crane - regenerative control - kind of motor used - advantage - connection for control - collector gear - size of wires used - trolley wheels - - controllers - types used - Palmer safety limit stop - contact type limit switch ~ - power required to drive cranes - telpherage - definition name introduced by Fleeming - automatic telphers - adaptation - non - automatic telphers - Shaw mono - rail system - telpher. suspension and drive - arrangement of mono - rail tracks - power features - telpher motors - load factor - Brown motor driven trolley - brakes types used - trackage trackage - essentials of cableways - diagram of cableways - - range of the apparatus - telpher performance. ELECTRIC PUMPS - 2,963 to 3,022 Hydraulics - definition - water - relative volumes of water at different temperatures - hydraulic principle I - most remarkable characteristic of water - weight of water per cu ft. at different temperatures - weight per gallon - head and pressure - head and lift graphically defined - static and dynamic head - friction of water in pipes - f riction of water in elbows - pressure per lb. per sq. in. corresponding to various heads of water - head in feet corresponding to various pressures - the total static and dynamic head - lift - effect of the barometer and temperature - practical limit of lift - hydraulic principle II - condition requiring short lifts - hydraulic principle Ill - hydraulic principle IV - hydraulic principle V - theoretical lifts for various temperatures - elementary pumps classification - lift pumps - elementary diagram - force pumps - elementary diagram - single acting force pumps - plunger pumps - difference between a piston and plunger - double acting force pumps - air chambers - function - capacity - proportions - capacity of pump - theoretical and actual, or net capacity - slip - when leakage is likely to occur - two kinds of leakage - how to figure capacity - - RULE: - example - actual, sometimes more than theoretical capacity - horse power of pump - theoretical horse power at the water end - example - horse power absorbed at the water end - the electrical horse power - work to be done - example - how to figure the cost of electric pumping - formula - example - ELECTRIC PUMPS - classification - reciprocating pumps - water ends - pump valves - arrangement size - number of valve unit - single and double acting outside packed plunger water ends - various details of pump valve construction - jig for removing valve seats - detail of stuffing box - rotary pumps - various types of rotary pump - Taber rotary pump - Deming rotary pump - centrifugal pumps, - classification - ordinary centrifugal pump - Gwynne's conoidal type - various types of impeller - single suction volute pump - methods of priming centrifugal pumps - characteristic performance curves of single stage double suction centrifugal pump - importance of correct head determination - three stage turbine pump - motors for reciprocating pumps - motors for centrifugal pumps - operating conditions - the drive: belt, spur, herringbone, silent chain, double reduction spur, combination short belt and spur, long belt and spur, and worm gear types of drive - control devices; water end - automatic pressure regulators and by pass - - by pass control - control devices; power end - float switch, diaphragm switch - Hill tank pump with pressure control. AIR COMPRESSORS - 3,023 to 3,046 Field for use of compressed air - the compression of air - Boyle's law - Charles' law - effect of heat - free air - Ingersoll - Rand air compressor cylinder with Corliss inlet valves - gauge pressure and absolute pressure - air compression characteristics - the heat of compression - principal source of loss - views of inlet and discharge valves - parts - simple compression - spray injection - hurricane type inlet valves - dry or jacketed compressor process - compound com - pression cylinder - diameter. of compound compressor - cycle of compound compressor - elementary compound compressor and auxiliary apparatus - three stage compressor - compression curves - principal advantage of compound com - pression - control method - unloading, devices - Ingersoll - Rand unloader - intercoolers - intermediate separator - starting a power driven compressor - intercooler - its functions - capacity - construction - air receivers - after coolers - the saving due to compounding - work lost in terms of isothermal compression - altitude compression - volumetric efficiency - = example. ELECTRIC HEATING - 3,047 to 3,066 Advantages of electricity for heating - production of the heat - resistance wires - properties of various resistance wires - Simplex electric coffee percolator - - heating units - classification - details of construction of various heating units - - temperature regulation in electric heaters - arrangement of internal circuit for heaters giving three heating values - internal heating circuits - room heating - where desirable - economy of electric heating - loss of heat - loss by leakage - wiring diagram for heaters along truss plank in car heating - loss of heat per sq. ft. of surface through walls, windows, etc. - how to compute loss of heat in a room - ex - ample - electric water heaters - classification - Simplex electric immersion heater - electric geyser - cost of heating water - electric cooking appliances - plan of an all electric kitchen - electric flat iron - details of construction - electric soldering bits - forms most commonly used - the heating element - thawing of frozen water pipes - - diagram and example - wiring for heating and cooking - extra receptacle for heating purposes - difficulty with electric heating devices. SOLDERING AND BRAZING - 3,067 to 3,106 Solder - kind used for electrical work - soft and hard solder - melting points of tin lead solders - necessary relation between solder and metals to be united - increasing the f usability of a solder - soft solders - kinds - half and half solder - melting points and hardness of tin lead solders - soft solders for various metals - hard solders - where used - difference between hard soldering and brazing - hard solders for various metals - plumber{s gasoline furnace - - nature of alloys containing much lead - miscellaneous solders - very hard yellow solders - silver solders - solder for silver plated work - solder for silver chains - resoldering silver solders - readily fusible silver solder for ordinary work - pot and ladle - German silver solder - various soldered joints - German silver soldering methods - how to make a round wiped joint - gold solders - methods of wiping a. horizontal joint - aluminum solders - soldering fluxes - - definition of the word flux - - its function - method of wiping - a vertical joint - various wiped joints - flux permitted by Underwriters' code - various fluxes: resin, chloride of zinc, rosin and tallow, soldering grease, ammonia soap, soldering fat for iron, soldering fat for aluminum, soldering salt, soldering paste, borax, cryolite, Muller's hard soldering liquid, dry soldering preparation - the various fluxes and their adaptations - soldering bolts or bits - classifications - gas soldering bits - tinning the bit - tinning block for electric soldering bit - soft soldering - principle on which it depends - picking up soft solder with the bit - points on soft soldering - soldering with a torch - sweating - diagram illustrating the process - babbitting - anti - friction metals - babbitted boxes - brazing - definition - ordinary mouth blow pipe - theory of brazing - method of using the mouth blow pipe - oxidizing, and the reducing flame - butt brazing - how to butt braze two lengths of small pipe - lap brazing - method of lap brazing a band saw - dip brazing - cast iron soldering - muffle brazing - brazing of copper - cleaning of copper joints - furnace for brazing - brazing copper flanges - brazing furnace without fire brick - table of brazing solders - miscellaneous brazing solder - - heating methods in brazing - brazing small chain link in charcoal with a blow pipe - charcoal charcoal fire - gas furnace - gasoline torch - air gas torch for brazing - lead burning - definition - preparation of butt and lap seams for lead burning - process of burning a butt seam in two sheets of lead - flat butt burning - edge burning. WELDING - 3,107 to 3,132 The term welding - oxidation of iron - character of oxide of iron - why it prevents welding - methods of preventing oxidation: reducing fire; protective coating - - fluxes - care required in preparation - fluxes for: cast iron, steel, mild steel and wrought iron, copper, brass, bronze, and aluminum - various welds: scarf, butt, lap, cleft or split, jump, and glut welds - fagoting - building up - forge fuels - kind of bituminous coal most' desirable - difficulty en - countered with anthracite - systems of welding - making a scarf for a scarf weld - classification of varying systems of welding - correct and incorrect shapes for lap welds - blow pipe welding - character of blow pipe flame - kind of fuel used for blow pipe - autogenous welding - features of the oxyhydrogen and oxy - acetylene flames - adjustment of oxy - acetylene torch - how to handle the torch - weld rod - thermit welding - description of the process - mould for thermit welding of locomotive frame - thermit pipe clamps and mould - thermit pipe welding operation - Clark joint - thermit prep eating; directions of operating - C and C electric welding apparatus - composition of thermit steel - electric welding - best conditions of welding - principle of electric welding - Thomson welder - views of Toledo spot welder - the Thomson process - spot welding - Toledo butt welder - general hints in electric welding - flash weld and upset weld - Zerener or electric blow pipe process - Bernardos pro - cess - electric blow pipe - Slavianoff or modified Bernardos process - - Davis - Bournonville oxygraph - Hoho and Lagrange process - difficulty in controlling the temperature - modification of the system. ELECTROLYSIS - 3,133 to 3,142 Significance of the term electrolysis - the electrolyte - ions: cations, anions - experiment illustrating electrolysis - industrial electrolysis - alkali and bleach - aluminum - pro - cess of aluminum manufacture - bullion refining - general principle on which the process depends - electrolysis in lower New York - chlorates - production of chlorate of potash or soda - chemical changes - hypochlorites - arrangement of the Gibb's process - Gibb's cell and battery of three cell - organic chemicals - Aussig bell cell - reductions and oxidations - section of Hargreaves - Bird cell - oxygen and hydrogen - primary products - sodium and potassium - Sir Humphry Davy's method - a fused electrolyte necessary - Castner cell - wet extraction processes for metals - various extractions: copper, nickel, tin, and zinc. ELECTRO - PLATING - 3,143 to 3,184 The process in general - essential, condition for best results - cleaning the articles to beplated - various dipping baskets - important considerations in electro - plating - stepping: - heating tanks - current supply for electro - plating - Smee cell - dynamos for electro - plating - characteristics of plating dynamos - current required and sizes of wire - amperes required to plate one square foot of various g metals - Hanson and Van Winkle motor generator set - electro - ' plating outfit with two wire system; with three wire system - wiring diagrams - - rheostats and switchboards - form of rheostat for controlling heavy currents - use of volt meters - voltage regulators - mechanical electro - plating apparatus - tanks or vats - two tank installation - iron tanks - wooden tanks - tanks for gilding solutions - dipping vessels - - scouring, swilling and rinsing troughs - material used - scouring and washing out brushes - various brushes - tumbling or rattling barrels - speed regulation in tumbling - steel ball burnishing barrels - wet grinding or polishing - polishing powders - rouge - tripoli - crocus - Vienna lime - pumice stone or rotten stone powder - solutions for plating with different metals - 24 carat gilding solution - 14 carat gold plating solution - best solution for silver plating - nickel plating solution - electro - plating with copper - copper plating solutions - polishing and grinding machines - polishing wheels speed - Hanson and Van Winkle polishing and grinding machine - emery wheels - canvas, wood, felt, and walrus wheels - best speed for buffs - pickles and dips - precautions - dipping - black pickle for iron - bright pickle for iron - dip for copper, brass, etc. - cyanide dip for brass - pickle for German silver - nickel plating - the process in detail - anodes - electrotyping - electro - plating barrel - galvanizing. ELECTRO - THERAPEUTICS - 3,185 to 3,226 Definition - kinds of electric current used - influence machines - Toepler - Holtz machine - precautions in operating influence machines - induction coils - use - construction - diagram showing connections - how operated - high frequency apparatus - interrupters - types: magnetic, electrolytic, mechanical - Wehnelt interrupter - current regulation - anti - acid interrupter - muff er - mechanical interrupter - construction - rectifiers - description and operation - currents used in electro - therapeutics - selection of electrodes; choice of various authorities - positive and negative poles faradic current - sinusoidal current - copper, zinc, and iron - nickel plated electrodes - block tin, platinum, and carbon - McIntosh universal mode and its modalities - various electrodes: vaginal, intra - uterine, rectal, abdominal, urethral, eye, ear, nose and throat electrodes - epilating needles - summary` - McIntosh wall plate - galvanic therapy - properties of positive and negative pole - galvanic technique: cervical erosions; epilation; internal hemorrhoids; urethral stricture - sinusoidal therapy - value of the sinusoidal current - sinusoidal technique, giving a multiplicity of cases for treatment of various dis - orders - sinusoidal controller - high frequency outfit - vacuum electrodes - copper ball electrode - ozone generator - electric light bath cabinet - diagnostic lamp outfit - vibratory technique: constipation; mechanical vibration of the eye; splenic congestion - Dr. Abrams reflex set - vibrating chair - - electro - cautery - - cautery transformer - cautery knives - hypersensitive areas - the technique to be used - proctologist's special set - cautery illuminator set. X RAYS - 3,227 to 3,242 Roentgen's discovery - nature of X rays - how X rays are produced - old form of Crookes tube - cathode stream - focus tube - single focus tube - fluorescing screens - fluoroscope X ray shadow of the bones of the hand and wrist - special coil with anti - acid interrupter for X ray treatment - radiographs - how a radiograph is taken - special radiographic coils - practical points in X ray photography - Hulton inductance switch - triple valve tube - portable X ray coil - interrupterless transformer - diagram for distance of X ray tube from plate - stereo scopic angle - X ray bracket stand and patient - dental Roentgenograms - X ray tube - suggestions for using X ray tube - developing plates.