ATOCI: Soaps and Candles, 1888 [SAC1888] PART I - SOAPS. I. DEFINITION, HISTORY, AND PROPERTIES OF SOAP. 1 - 16 II. MATERIALS, - I. FATTY MATTERS: ANIMAL FATS - FISH OILS - VEGETABLE OILS - RECCOVERED GREASE - ROSIN - 2 ALKALINES: CAUSTIC SODA LYES - STEAM LYES -CAUSTIC POTASH LYES - ALKALINE SILICATES - SODUIM ALUMINATE - PRELIMINARY TREATENT OF FATTY MATERIALS: RENDERING - BLEACHING - BONE-BOILING. 17-44 III. HYDROMETERS AND LYE TESTING. 45 - 49 IV. SAPONIFICATION. 50 - 58 V. APPARATUS AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE FACTORY. 59 - 80 VI. CLASSIFICATION OF PROCESSES: - GENERAL PROCESS - SAPONIFICATION UNDER PRESSURE - COLD PROCESS. 81 - 89 VII. HOUSEHOLD, DOMESTIC, OR LAUNDRY SOPAS: - 1. CURD, OR WHITE, SOAP. -2. GENUINE MOTTLED SOAP. -3. CASTILE SOAP. -4. ARTIFICIALLY MOTTLED SOAPS. -5. YELLOW, OR ROSIN SOAP. -6. MARINE SOAPS. -7. SILICATED SOAPS. -8. SULPHATED SOAPS. 90-116 VIII. TOILET, OF FANCY SOAPS: MATERIALS - APPARATUS - MANIPULATION - FORMULE - FRENCH SYSTEM. 127-144 IX. MEDICINAL SOAPS 145—I55 X. OLEIC-ACID, RED OR BRAWN OIL, SOAP'S — SOFT SOAPS — INDUSTRIAL SOAPS 156-167 XI. VARIOUS SAPS AND SOAP POWDERS - PREPARATION OF SOAP IN SMALL QUANTITIES. 168-174 XII. RECOVERY OF GLYCERIN FROM SPENT LYES. 175-180 XIII. TESTI SOAPS. - COMPARISON OF SOAPS. 181-203 PART II - CANDLES I. DEFINITION - HISTORY. 205-209 II. MATERIALS: — ANIMAL FATS - VEGETABLE OILS - WAXES - FATTY ACIDS - REFINING PARAFFIN - PREPARATION OF FATTY ACIDS: - LIME SAPONIFICATIN - ACIDIFICATION - DISSOCIATION BY HEAT - AUTOCLAVE PROCESS - BOCKS PROCESS - SEPARATION OF STEARIC AND OLEIC ACIDS - WICKS. 210-255 III. MANFACTGURE: DIPPING - MOULDING - HAND FRAMES - MOULDING MACHINES - NIGHT LIGHTS - WAX CANDLES. 256-270 IV. SPECIALTIES: - ORNAMENTAL CANDLES - COLOURED CANDLES - QUALITY OF CANDLES. 271-274 V. BYE-PRODUCTS: - OLEIC ACID. - GLYCERIN. - OLEIN. - TESTING GLYCERIN. 275-288 APPENDIX. COMPOSITION OF BLACK ASH. - STRENGTH OF SOLUTIONS OF CAUSTIC POTASH. - STRENGTH OF SOLUTIONS OF CAUSTIC SODA. - SODA ASH: COMPARISON OF ENGLISH AND FRENCH DEGREES - EXPORTS OF SOAP AND CANDLES. - IMPORTS OF TALLOW AND STEARIS. - STATISTICS OF SOAP AND CANDLE FACTORIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 289-294 INDEX. 295-306 INDEX ABEL'S soap. 165 Abietic anhydride, 23 Acetic series Of fatty acids, 54 Acidification process, 241 Acids, fatty, tables of. 54, 55 Acrylic series of fatty acids, 55 Action of soap in removing dirt. 4 Alkalies, 2,3 Alkalimetry, 49 Almond oil, 20 Analyses of neutral sodium silicate, 29 Analyses of oleic-acid soap, 159 Analyses of olive-oil soap, 14 Analyses of over-fatty normal soap, 154 Analyses of palm-oil soap, 14 Analyses of primrose soap, 106 Analyses of Soaps for dyeing and printing 165 Analyses of for for madder colours, 166 Analyses of tallow soap 14 Apparatus for distillation of sterin. 245 A1uminate of soda, 31 Aluminium soap, i Animal fats, 18 Analyses of carbolic soaps, 200 Analyses of castor-oil soaps, 14 Analyses of caustic sodium silicate, 29 Analyses of cold-water soap, genuine, 69 Analyses of cold-water soap, English, 201 Analyses of cotton-oil soap, 14 Analyses of fancy soaps, 202 Analyses of fulling soap, 16; Analyses of German soaps, 201 Analyses of household soaps, 202 Analyses of Jarrow refined soda ash, 159 Analyses of medicinal soaps, 150 Analyses of Natrona refined saponifier, 32 Apparatus for distillation of stearin, 245 Apparatus and arrangement of the soap factory, 59 Appendix, 289 Arachis oil, 21 Aromatic mouth soap, 149 Aromatic antiseptic tooth soap, 149 BARRING, 72 Baume's hydrometer, 48 Baume's hydrometer, comparison, with specific gravities, 47, 48 Bauxite, 31 Beech oil, 20 Berry Wax, 2I9 Berthelot's roscarcheS, 279 Borzelius—theory of the decomposition of soap, 5 Beyer's crushing mill, 138 Beyer's hand-cutter, 136 Beyer's plodding machine, 140 Beyer's rotary euttur, 136 Black ash- lyes from, 24 Black ash composition, 289 Bake and Maxwell's process for mottled soap, 100 Bleaching bees'-wax, 213 Bleaching fats, 39 Bleaching palm oil, 39 Bleaching tallow, 4I Bleaching by bleaching powder, 41 Bleaching by chlorine, 40 Bleaching by Dunn's method, 41 Bleaching by nitric acid, 40 Bleaching by Watt's process, 39 Bock's Process, 249 Bock's Process, advantages of, 251 Boiling under pressure, 64, 86 Bone boiling, 43 Bone boiling, Seltsam's method, 43 Bine grease, 18 Boomer and Boscbert press, 33, 34 Borax soap powder, 174 Brown-oil soaps, 156 Bye-products, 275 CABLE candles, 273 Cacao butter, 21 Calculation of proportions of fat and alkali necessary for saponification, 55, 56 Camphorated sulphur soap, 151 Candle manufacture, 256 Candle, basting, 269 Candle, cutting and polishnig, 268 Candle, dipping, 256 Candle, dipping, machine, 257 Candle, filling can, or jack, 262 Candle, machine for cutting Conical ends, 264 Candle, moulding, 258 Candle, composite candles, 267 Candle, paraffin, 267 Candle, sperm, 266 Candle, sterin, „ 266 Candle, tallow, 265 Candle, machines, 258 Candle, machines, Bierumpfel's, 260, 261 Candle, machines, Cowles', 263 Candle, machines, hand-frames, 258 Candle, specialities, 271 Candle, Sweetser, Bell, and Bohm's process, 272 Candle, wax candles, 269 Candle, wax tapers, 270 Candle materials, 2I0 Candle, animal fats, 210 Candle, fatty acids, 210 Candle, vegetable oils, 210 Candle, Waxes, 210 Candle-nut tree, 208 Candles, 203 Candles, Belmont sperm and Wax, 271 Candles, bending point, 274 Candles, bye-products, 275 Candles, cable, 273 Candles, coloured, 273 Candles, composite, 267 Candles, decorated, 272 Candles, definition, 205 Candles, double and treble wick, 271 Candles, exports of, 293 Candles, fatty acids for, 235 Candles, history, 234 Candles, hydraulic pressed, 271 Candles, hygienic, 272 Candles, illuminating Value of, 274 Candles, King A1ired's, 206 Candles, materials for, 210 Candles, ornamental, 272 Candles, ozokerit, 271 Candles, paraffin, 267 Candles, quality of, 274 Candles, sperm, 266 Candles, spiral, 273 Candles, stearin, 266 Candles, tallow, 256, 265 Candles, twisted, 273 Candles, wax, 269 Candles, Wright's, pulmonic, 272 Capacity of boilers, 61 Carnauba wax, 217 Carpenter's classification of soaps, 81 Castor oil, 19 Castor soap, 151 Caustic potash solutions,strength of, 290 Caustic soda solutions, strength of, 291 Caustic soda lyes, 23 Characters of soap, B.P., 15 Cbevreul's researches, 51 Chinese wax, 215 Chinese vegetable tallow, 217 Chlorinated soap, 151 Clarifying, 98 Classification of processes, 81 Classification, Carpenter's, 81 Classification, Wright's, 81 Cleansing, 83, 102 Clear-boiling, 98 Close state, 83 Cocoa-nut oil, 21 Cocoa-nut oil, imports of, 107 Cocoa-nut oil, saponification of, 107 Coco-stearin, 232 Coction, 97 Cod-liver oil, 97 Cold process, 87 Cold process, advantages and disadvantages of, 88 Cold process, apparatus, 64 Cold-water soap, 168 Cold water soap, composition of genuine, 169 Colophony, 17 Colophanic acid, 23 Coloured candles, 273 Colouring for soaps, 101 Colza oil, 21 Cotton-seed oil, 19 Commercial soaps, various kinds, 88 Common salt, effect of excess of 85 Compairson of soaps, 201 Comparison of English and colonial soaps, 202 Composition of fats, 51 Copper Soup, 1 4 Cost of yellow soap, 106, 201 Crutching, 71 Crutching machine, Strunz's, 71 Cryolite, 31 Curb, 6o Curd, 83 Curd soap, E.F. characters of, 15 Cutting soap blocks, 72 Cutting the pan, 98 D'ARCET'S method of rendering fats, 35 Davis's alk-alumino-silicic soap, 114 298 INDEX. Dechan on pharmaceutical soaps, 144 Dechan and Maben on the formation of soap, 53 Definition of candle, 205 Definition of soap, 1 Dentier, 72 Detergent mixture, 28 Disinfecting soap (Jeyes'), 152 Dissociation by heat, 247 Drying oils, 19, ao Doodoe nuts, 209 Dunn's method of making alkaline silicates, 29, 115 Dunn's method, yellow soap, 103 Duty on candles, 208 Duty on candles, repealed, 208 Duty on soap, 3 Duty on soap repealed, 4 Dynamite mauufacte glycerin for, 288 Egg oil, 18 Elchbaum's soap, 169 Empatage, 97 Ethereal salts, decomposition of,53 Exports of soap and candles, 293 FANCY soaps, 117 Fancy soaps, analyses of, 202 Fat, glue, 18 Fats, rendering, 32 Fatty acids, 234 Fatty acids, acidification process, 241 Fatty acids, autoclave process, 248 Fatty acids, Bock's process, 249 Fatty acids, dissociation by heat procoss, 247 Fatty acids, lime saponification process, 235 Fatty acids, history of, 234 Fatty acids, preparation of, 235 Filling can, or jack, 262 Filled soap, 15 Finishing soap, 83 Fish oils, 19 Fish oils, soap from, 169 Fitting, 83 Fob, 102 Frames, 68 Free acid process, 65 Fulling soap, 163 Galam butter, 21 Gall soap, 151 Glue fat, 18 Glue fat, lime in, 39 Gossage's method of preparing alkaline silicates, 28 Grain soap, 10, 83 Grease, bone, zS Grease, horse, 18 Grease, recovered, 17 Ground-nut oil, 21 Glycerin, 279 Glycerin, for dynamite manufacture, 288 Glycerin, recovery from spent lyes,176 Glycerin, recovery from spent lyes, Allan's method, 176 Glycerin, recovery from spent lyes, Alen and Nickel's method, 176 Glycerin, recovery from spent lyes, Beano, Jappe', L Co.':s method, 177 Glycerin, recovery from spent lyes, Clolus' method, 177 Glycerin, recovery from spent lyes, Fleming's Method, 177 Glycerin, recovery from spent lyes, O'Farrell's mctbod, 17 Glycerin, recovery from spent lyes, Payne's method, 178 Glycerin, recovery from spent lyes, Reynolds' method, 175 Glycerin, recovery from spent lyes, Thomas and Fuller's method, 180 Glycerin, recovery from spent lyes, Venables' method, 179 Glycerin, recovery from spent lyes, Versmann's method, 179 Glycerin, recovery from spent lyes, Young's method, 180 Glycerin, removal from fats before saponification, 280 Glycerin, sp. gr, of aqueous solutions of, 280 Glycerin, testing, 281 Glycerin, Jean of, 281 Glycerin, Sulsnan and Berry on, 282 Hand or skin, soap, 169 Hard soap, I, 90 Hard soap, B.P. characters of, 15 Heating soap-boilers, method of, 61 Heel balls, 217 Hemp-seed oil, l9 Hersey's steam pump, 66 History of candles, 205 History of soap, 2 Horse grease, 18 Household soaps, 90 Hydrated soaps, 107 Hydrated soaps, Blake and Maxwell's process for, 109 Hydrolysis, 6 Hydrometer, Baume's, 46 Hydrometer, comparison of, with specific gravities, 47, 49 Hydrometer, theory of, 45 Hydrometer, Twaddell's, 48 Hydrometers, 45 ICHTHYOL, 155 Ichthyol soap, 155 Illipa oil, 21 Imports of cocoa-nut oil, 107 Imports of palm oil, 107 Imports of stearin, 293 Imports of tallow, 293 Index to size of wicks, 254 Industrial soaps, 163 Industrial soaps, calico printing and dyeing, 164 Industrial soaps, Daumas d'All˘on's, 165 Industrial soaps, fulling, 163 Industrial soaps, ox-gall, 163 Industrial soaps, removing stains, 166 Industrial soaps, silk dyers', 166 Industrial soaps, silk throwsters', 166 Japan Wax, 218 Jarrow refined ash, composition of, 159 Jevons, Prof., on pedetic action, 4 Jeyes' disinfecting soap. 152 KILLING the goods, 82 King Alfred's candles, 206 Kingzett's definition of soap, 2 Kingzett's liquid soaps, 152 Kitchen stuff, 18 Koettstorfer's saponification equivalents, 56 Kottula's compact neutral soap, 169 Kottula's hand, or skin, soap, 170 300 INDEX. I, Lard, 18 Large boiler process, 60 Lather, 4 Lead soap, I Leaves, soup, 153 Liebig on behaviour of soap with salt, 9 Lime, in glue fat, 39 Lime saponification process, 235 Linseed oil, 20 Liquefying, 99 Liquored soap, 15 Little pan process, 6o, 64 London soap powder, 174 Lye tanks, 59 Lye testing, 26, 45 Lyes, spent, composition of, 175 Lyes, Lancashire, 176 Manrage, 97, 99 Manganese soap, I Manteau Isabelle, 99 Materia1s for candles, 210 Materials for soap, 17 Medicinal soaps, 145 Medicinal table of analyses (Dechan's), 150 Melting point of paraffin, methods of taking, 229 Melting point of paraffin, American, 229 Melting point of paraffin, English, 229 Mercurial soaps, 152 Mercury soap, I Merryweather's apparatus for rendering fats, 38 Milling process for toilet soaps, 136-144 Milling process, advantages of, 144 Mineral waxes, 219 Morfit's definition of soap, I Morfit's process for oleic-acid soap, 156 Morfit's steam series, 62 Mottling, 97, 99 Myrtle wax, 219 NATRONA refined saponifier, 32 Neat soap, 102 Neutral soap, Kottula's, 169 Neutral soap, Miable's 131 Night-lights, 268 Objections to rendering fats by fire, 35 Oil, almond, sweet, 20 Oil, arachis, 21 Oil, beech, 20 Oil, castor, 19 Oil, cocoa-nut, 21 Oil, cod-liver, 19 Oil, colza, 21 Oil, cotton-seed, i9 Oil, Dilo, 19 Oil, egg, 18 Oil, ground nut, 21 Oil, hemp-seed, 19 Oil, Illipa, 21 Oil, linseed, 20 Oil, olive, 21 Oil, palm, 22 Oil, palm, kernel, 22 Oil, palm, nut, 22 Oil, poppy-seed, 20 Oil, rape, 21 Oil, seal, 19 Oil, sperm, 19 Oil, sunflower-seed, 20 Oil, tallow, 18 Oil, Tumanu, 19 Oil, whale, 19 Oleic acid, 274 Oleic acid, conversion of, into palmitic acid, 274 Oleic soaps, 156 0lean, 288 Open boiling, 6o Over-fatty iehthyol soap, 155 Over-fatty marble soap, 155 Over-fatty normal soap, 154 Ox-gall soap, 1b3 Ozokerit, 230 Ozokerit, refining, 230 Palm oil, or butter, 22 Palm oil, imports of, 107 Palm oil, kernel oil, 22 Palm oil, nut. oil, 22 Paraffin, preservation of lyes by 27 Paraffin, refining, 219 Paraffin, refining, Tervet on, 221 Pasting, 82, 97 Pearl soap powder, 174 Pedesis, 5 Pedetic, action, 5 Persoz on decomposition of soap by water, 5 Pickling wicks, 254 Pimaric acid, 23 Piney oil, or tallow, 211 Pinic acid, 23 Pliny's account of soaps 2 Poppy-seed oil, 20 Potash lies, 26 Potassium silicate, 29 Powders, soap, 174 Powders, borax, 174 Powders, London, I74 Powders, pearl, 174 Powders, soap extract, 174 Powders, washing, 174. Powders, wool-washing, 174 Powders, universal washing, 174 Preliminary boiling of soap, 97 Preliminary treatment of fats, 32 Preservation of lyes, 27 Primrose soap, analysis of, 106 Processes, Abel's, C. D, 168 Processes, acidification, 241 Processes, autoclave, 24'S Processes, Bennett and Gibbs', 88 Processes, Blake and Maxwell's, for hydrated soap, 109 Processes, Blake and Maxwell's, for mottled soap, 100 Processes, Bock's, 149 Processes, boiling under pressure, 64, 86 Processes, cold, 64, 87 Processes, dissociation by heat, 247 Processes, Dunn's, 103, 115 Processes, Eichbaum's, 169 Processes, free acid, 65 Processes, Gossage's, 111 Processes, Jennings', 106 Processes, Kottula's, 169 Processes, lime saponification, 235 Processes, Meinecbe's, 105 Processes, Morfit's, 156 Processes, Normandy's, 115 Processes, open boiling, 6o Processes, Radisson's, 25 Processes, Sheridan's, 111 Processes, Tilghmaim's, 247 Processes, Way's, 29, I14 Processes, Wilson and Payne's, 247 Properties of soap, 4 3o INDEX. It RADISSON'S process for conversion of oleic into palmitic acid, 275 Ralston's soap slabber, 74 Rape oil, 21 Recovered grease, 17 Recovery of glycerin from spent lyes, 175 Recovery of glycerin from spent lyes, Allan's method, 176 Recovery of glycerin from spent lyes, Allen and Nickel's method, 176 Recovery of glycerin from spent lyes, Benito, Jappe, & Co.'s method, 177 Recovery of glycerin from spent lyes, Clolus' method, 177 Recovery of glycerin from spent lyes, Fleming's method, 177 Recovery of glycerin from spent lyes, O'Farrell's method, 178 Recovery of glycerin from spent lyes, Payne's method, 173 Recovery of glycerin from spent lyes, Reynolds' method, 178 Recovery of glycerin from spent lyes, Thomas and Fuller's method 179 Recovery of glycerin from spent lyes, Venables' method, 179 Recovery of glycerin from spent lyes, Versmann's method, 179 Recovery of glycerin from spent lyes, Young's method, tSo Red-oil soaps, 156 Relargage, 97 Rendering fats, 32 Rendering fats, D'Arcet's method, 35 Rendering fats, Merryweather's superheating apparatus, 38 Rendering fats, objections to open fire, 33 Rendering fats, stain cylinder process, 36 Repeal of duty on candles, 208 Repeal of duty on soap, 4 Rosin, 17 Rosin, soap, 23, 101 Roth's sand soap, 171 Rotondi on decomposition of soap by water, 5 Rutschman's automatic soap chipper, 137 Rutschman's cake-cutting machine, 142 Rutschman's continuous plodding machine, 141 Rutschman's crushing mill, 139 Rutschman's soap press, 143 SAL soda, 174 Salt, action of, on soap, 9, 11, 12 Salted lye. 97 Salting process, 93 Salts, formation of, 50 sand soap, 173 Sapo animalis, 147 Sapo, Caicis ehlorinate 151 Sapo, castil, alb, 147 Sapo, castil, Mottled, 147 Sapo, durns, 144 Sapo, hydrargyri, 152 Sapo, hydrargyri, precipitati alb., 153 Sapo, hydrargyri, precipitati rabri, 153 Sapo, mercurialis, 12 Sapo, mollis, 148 Sapo, piceus, I3 Sapo, terebinthinae , 153 Saponification, 50, 82 Saponification, equivalents, 57, 58 Saponification, under pressure, 46 Saponifier, Natrorut. refined, 32 Savon an bouquet, 132 Savon, a l'huile de canelle, 132 Savon, au fleur d'oranger, 132 Savon, au muse, 133 Savon, a la rose, 133 Savon, a la vanille, 133 Savonittes, 133 Savonittes, camphor, 134 Savonittes, honey, 134 Savonittes, mottled, 134 Savonittes, sand, x34 INDEX, 303 Savonettes, violet, 134 Scheurer on soaps for calico printing and dyeing, 164 Scribe, 72 Seal oil, 19 Separation of soap by salt, 11 Separation by strong lye, 11 Separation of stearic and oleic acids, 252 Setting Point of tallow, 211 Shanks' method of preparing lyes from black ash, 25 Shaving paste, 134 Shea butter, 21 Silicates, preparation of, 27-29 Silicates, Sheridan's process, 27 Silicates, Gossage's process, 28 Silicates, Dorm's process, 29 Silicates, Way's process, 30 Silk dyers' and throwcasters' soap 166 Silver soap, 1 Soap, Abel's, 168 Soap, action of, in removing dirt, 4 Soap, alk-aluluiuo-silicic, 114 Soap, almond, 129 Soap, almond, bitter, 130 Soap, aluminium, I Soap, ammoniated, 129 Soap, aromatic mouth, 149 Soap, antiseptic tooth, 149 Soap, beef marrow, 130 Soap, Ecrzelius--theory of decomposition of, 5 Soap, boilers, 6o Soap, brown-oil, 156 Soap, caldrons, 60 Soap, calico printing and dyeing, 164 Soap, camphorated sulphur, 151 Soap, carbolic, 200 Soap, Castile, 97 Soap, Caster oil, 151 Soap, characters of, E.P., 15 Soap, chlorinated, 151 Soap, cocoa-nut-oil, 107 Soap, cold-water, i64 Soap, copper, I Soap, curd, 90 Soap, curd, B.P. characters of, 15 Soap, curd, English method, 90 Soap, curd, German method, 93, 95 Soap, definition of, I Soap, disinfecting (Jeyes'), 152 Soap, domestic, 90 Soap, duty on, repeal of, 4 Soap, Eichbaum's, 169 Soap, extract, 174 Soap, fancy, 117 Soap, filled, 15 Soap, floating, 130 Soap, fulling, 163 Soap, gall, 151 Soap, glycerin, 127, 130 Soap, grain, 10 Soap, hard, 1 Soap, hard, characters, D.P., 15 Soap, history, 2 Soap, honey, 130 Soap, household, 90 Soap, hydrated, 107 Soap, hydrolysis of, 6 Soap, ichthyol, 155 Soap, industrial, 163 Soap, iodine, 151 Soap, Jevons on pedetic action, 4 Soap, kettles, 60 Soap, Kingzett's definition of, 2 Soap, Kottula's, 169 Soap, lard, 131 Soap, lather, 4 Soap, laundry, 90 Soap, lead, I Soap, leaves, 153 Soap, Soap, Liebig on behaviour of, with salt, 9 Soap, liquid (Kingzett's), 152 Soap, liquored, 15 Soap, madder colours, 166 Soap, Manganese, I Soap, marine, 107 Soap, Marseilles, 97 Soap, medicinal, 145 Soap, mercurial, 152 Soap, mercury, 1 Soap, Miahle's neutral, 131 Soap, Morfit's defination of, 1 Soap, mottled, 96 Soap, oleic-acid, 156 Soap, olive-oil, 97 Soap, opaque toilet, 121 Soap, ox-gall, 163 Soap, pans, 60 Soap, podetic action of, 5 Soap, Persoz on behavior of, with water, 5 Soap, Pliny's account of, 2 Soap, preparation of, in small quantities, 171 Soap, properties of, 4 Soap, red-oil, 156 Soap, removing stains, 166 Soap, repeal of duty on, 4 Soap, Rotondi on action of, 5 Soap, samphire, 132 Soap, sand, 171, 173 Soap, Separation of, by salt, 11 Soap, Separation of, by strong lye, 11 Soap, silicated, 111, 115 Soap, silk dyers' and throwsters', 166 Soap, silver, 1 Soap, slabber, 73, 74 Soap, sodium aluminate, 173 Soap, soft, 1, 159 Soap, soft, characters of, B.P., 15 Soap, soft, soft--- Soap, soft, Gentele's method, 162 Soap, soft, Russian, 162, Soap, soft, Scotch, 161 Soap, soft, Starkey's, 153 Soap, soft, suds, 4 Soap, soft, sulphated, 115 Soap, soft, tannin, 153 Soap, soft, tar, 153 Soap, soft, taxation of, 3 Soap, soft, tin, 1 Soap, soft, toilet, 117 Soap, soft, transparent, 124 Soap, soft, turpentine, 153 Soap, soft, Unna's, 153 Soap, soft, Venetian, 97 Soap, soft, watered, 15 Soap, soft, Whitelaw on action of salt on, 12 Soap, soft, Windsor, 135 Soap, soft, Wright and Thompson on hydrolysis of, 6 Soap, soft, Wright's definition of, 2 Soap, soft, Wych-hazel, 155 Soap, soft, yellow, 101 Soap, soft, yellow, cost of, io6, 201 Soap, soft, zinc, r Soda ash, lyes from, 23 Sodium aluminate, 31 Sodium, aluminate, soap, 173 Sodium, ichthyosulphate, 155 Sodium, silicate, 27 Sodium, silicate, composition of, 29 Soft lyes, 97 Soft soap, 159 Soluble glass, 27 Spent lies, composition of, 175 Spent lies, Lancashire, 176 Spent lies, recovery of glycerin from, 175 Sperm oil, 19 Spermaceti 19, 215 Stains, soar for removing, 166 Stamping soap, 77 Steam lyes, 26 Steam series (Morfit's), 62 Steam twirl (Morfit's) 156 Strength, 161 Strength, false, 161 Stearin, 231 Stone-wax, 217 Sunflower-seed oil, 20 Sylvic aoid, 23 TALLOW, 18 Tallow oil, 18 Tamanu oil, 19 Taxation of soap, 3 Tannin soap, 153 Tar soap, 153 Tervet on refining paraffin 221 Testing Soaps, 181 Testing Soaps, Cailletet's method of determining fatty acids, 192 Testing Soaps, determination of carbolic acid, 197 Testing Soaps, of cost of soap from analysis, 20! Testing Soaps, of glycerin, 193 Testing Soaps, of glycerin, Muter's method, r95 Testing Soaps, estimation of detergent value, 191 Testing Soaps, Filsinger's scheme, 187 Testing Soaps, free alkali, 182, 184, 187, 189, 200 Testing Soaps, Leds' method, 182, 185 Testing Soaps, Owens College scheme, 188 Testing Soaps, sampling, 181 Testing soda ash, 27 Testing lye, 26, 45 Theory of hydrometer, 45 Tin soap, i Toilet soaps, 117 Toilet soaps, apparatus, 117 Toilet soaps, by cold process, 125 Toilet soaps, by remelting, 123 Toilet soaps, by Trench system, 136 Toilet soaps, formula for, 129 Toilet soaps, French system - crushing and grinding, 137 Toilet soaps, French system - cutting, 136 Toilet soaps, French system - cutting into cakes, 142 Toilet soaps, French system - plotting, 140 Toilet soaps, French system - stamping, 342 Toilet soaps, manipulation, 120 Toilet soaps, materials, 117 Toilet soaps, moulding, 119 Toilet soaps, opaque, 121 Toilet soaps, savonettes, 133 Toilet soaps, transparent, 124 Train, oil, 19 Turpentine soap, 153 Twaddell's hydrometer, 48 Universal washing powder, 174 Unna's soaps, 153 VEGITABLE OILS, 19-22 WASHING POWDER, 174 Water, 32 Watered soap, 15 Way's process for alkaline silicates, 29 Whale oil, 19 Whitaker's patent soap frame, 68 Whitelaw on the action of salt on soap, 12 Wicks, 253 Wicks, pickling, 254 Wicks, size of, 254 Wicks, size, index to 254 Windsor soap, 135 Windsor soap, brown, 135 Windsor soap, ordinary, 135 Windsor soap, rose, 135 Windsor soap, violet, 135 Windsor soap, Weise's formula for 135 Wook washing composition, 174 Wright and Thompson on hydrolysis, 6 Wright's classification of soaps, 81 Wright's defination of soap, 155 Yellow soap, 101 Yellow soap, cost of, 106, 201 Zalmon's aromatic mouth soap, 149 Zawierciers soap for dying and printing. 165 Zinc soap, 1